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Anatomy & Physiology 400 > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System: Accessory Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System: Accessory Structures Flashcards

(63 cards)

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0
Q

Cells sink INWARD during development to form these 3…?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Glands
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1
Q

Accessory structures of skin develop from what?

A

Embryonic epidermis

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2
Q

Hairs/Pili are present on most skin surfaces except on these 5…?

A
  1. Palms
  2. Palmar surfaces of fingers
  3. Soles
  4. Plantar surfaces toes
  5. Those with Alopecia
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3
Q

Hair consists of what?

A
  • shaft

- root

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4
Q

What is a shaft?

A

Visible, projects above skin’s surface

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5
Q

Where is the root located?

A

Below the surface into the dermis & sometimes subcutaneous layer

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6
Q

The shaft & root consists of what 3 concentric layers of cells?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
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7
Q

What surrounds the root?

A

Hair follicle

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8
Q

The hair follicle consists of what?

A
  • Internal root sheath

- External root sheath (downward continuation of epidermis)

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9
Q

What is at the base of each hair follicle?

A

Bulb

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10
Q

What does the bulb do?

A

Nourishes growing hair follicles

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11
Q

What does the bulb contain?

A

Hair Matrix (germinal layer of cells)

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12
Q

The hair matrix cells arise from where?

A

Stratum Basale (cell division site)

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13
Q

What is an Arrector Pili?

A
  • Smooth muscle in dermis that contracts with cold/fear

- Forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically

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14
Q

What is the hair root plexus?

A

Dendrites of neurons that detect hair movement & senses touch

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15
Q

What’s the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A
  • waterproof

- moisture

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of the growth cycle?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Regression
  3. Resting
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17
Q

What is the growth stage?

A
  • matrix cells at base of hair root are active, producing length
  • lasts 2-6 years
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18
Q

What is the regression stage?

A
  • matrix cells stop dividing
  • hair follicles atrophies
  • hair stops dividing
  • lasts 2-3 weeks
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19
Q

What is the resting stage?

A
  • new growth cycle begins

- last about 3 months

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Terminal
  3. Vellus
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21
Q

What is lanugo hair?

A

Fine, non-pigmented downy hair covering fetus

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22
Q

Lanugo is replaced by what?

A
  • terminal hair

- vellus hair

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23
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

Coarse, heavily pigmented hair, replacing hair on eyebrows, eyelashes & scalp

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24
What is vellus hair?
Short, fine, pale hair, barely visible to human eye that replaces lanugo on rest of body
25
At puberty, in response to androgens, terminal hairs replace vellus hairs in what areas?
Boys & Girls: axillae & pubic regions Boys: face, limbs & chests
26
What are androgens?
Male hormone produced in testes & adrenal cortex
27
What does it mean to have dark hair?
Contains true melanin
28
What does it mean to have blonde & red hair?
Contains melanin with iron & sulfur added
29
What does it mean to have graying hair?
Decline in melanin production
30
What does it mean to have white hair?
Lack of melanin & air bubbles in medullary shaft
31
What are the 2 types of melanin?
1. Eumelanin (brown-black) | 2. Pheomelanin (yellow-red)
32
Hormones influence what?
The growth & loss of hair
33
What is Alopecia?
Partial/complete loss of hair
34
What is hirsutism?
- excessive body hair - hair growing where not supposed to be in females/prepubertal males - caused by tumor in adrenal glands, ovaries/testes that produce excessive androgen
35
What are nails?
Tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of distal portions of digits
36
Each nail is composed of these 3...?
1. Nail body 2. Free edge 3. Nail root
37
What is the nail body?
Visible portion of nail that contains the Lunula
38
What is a lunula?
Whitish crescent-shaped area at proximal end
39
What is the free edge?
The part that may extend past the distal end of digit
40
What is the nail root?
Portion of nail buried in fold of skin
41
What are the 4 functions of nails?
1. Protect distal end of digits 2. Provide support & counterpressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception & manipulation 3. Grasp & manipulate small objects 4. Scratch & groom body
42
What is the hyponychium/nail bed?
Thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge that secures nail to fingertips
43
What is the eponychium/cuticle?
Narrow band of epidermis (stratum corneum) that extends from & adheres to lateral side of nail wall
44
What is the nail matrix?
Proximal portion of epithelium deep to the nail root whose cells divide mitotically
45
What are glands of skin?
Specialized exocrine glands (contains ducts) found in dermis
46
What are the 4 types of glands found in skin?
1. Sebaceous 2. Sudiferous 3. Ceruminous 4. Mammary
47
What are sebaceous glands?
Secretory portion of gland located in dermis & opens into neck of hair follicle
48
What is sebum?
- contains cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts - moistens hairs - waterproofs/soften skin - inhibits growth if bacteria & fungi (ringworm)
49
Where are sebaceous glands found?
- lips - glans penis - labia minora
50
What are the 2 types of sudiferous glands?
1. Eccrine | 2. Apocrine
51
What are eccrine glands?
- Secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface that terminates at epidermal pores - develop & function soon after birth - have an extensive distribution to most areas of skin (forehead, palms & soles)
52
What is the function of eccrine glands?
- thermoregulation via perspiration | - help eliminate wastes
53
What are apocrine glands?
- Secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens into hair follicle - start functioning at PUBERTY - limited in distribution to skin of axilla, groin, areolae & bearded area of men - secretions are more viscous appearing milky/yellowish - apocrine sweat has a musky odour/body odour
54
What is the function of apocrine glands?
Release in response to emotional stress & during physical activity
55
What are ceremonious glands?
- modified sudiferous glands found in external auditory meatus - produce a waxy, lubricating secretion
56
Where is the secretory portion of of ceruminous glands?
In subcutaneous layer, deep to sebaceous glands
57
What do excretory ducts of ceruminous glands do?
Open to external auditory meatus surface / into ducts of sebaceous glands
58
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
- Barrier for entrance of foreign bodies | - Waterproofs canal
59
What are mammary glands?
Specialized sweat glands found in breasts
60
What is the function of mammary glands?
Produce milk
61
What is acne?
- Bacterial inflammation of sebaceous glands | - Secretions are stimulated by hormones at puberty
62
What is impacted cerumen?
An abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus/canal can result in impaction & prevent sound waves from reaching ear drum

Anatomy & Physiology 400 (3 decks)

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