Chapter 5 - Metabolism Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Metabolism
A
All chemical reactions in the body
2
Q
Ability of an organism to obtain, convert, and utilize energy
A
Metabolism
3
Q
Metabolic Pathways
A
A series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order
4
Q
What is the relationship between metabolism and energy?
A
They either release more energy than they require or require more energy than they release
5
Q
What is the relationship between exergonic reactions and energy?
A
They release more energy than they require
6
Q
What kind of reaction is an exergonic reaction?
A
Hydrolytic
7
Q
Hydrolytic reaction
A
Uses water to break bonds; catabolic
8
Q
What is the relationship between endergonic reactions and energy?
A
They require more energy than they use
9
Q
What kind of reaction is an endergonic reaction?
A
Dehydration synthesis
10
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
Water is removed so new bonds are formed; anabolic
11
Q
What does a catabolic reaction do with energy?
A
Releases it
12
Q
Which kind of reaction is associated with ATP production?
A
Catabolic
13
Q
What is the relationship of anabolic reactions and energy?
A
They require energy
14
Q
Which reaction is associated with ATP catabolism?
A
Anabolic
15
Q
Describe the ATP cycle
A
ATP is broken down, released energy is used by the cell for anabolic reactions to create more ATP
16
Q
Enzymes
A
Critical for living organisms; needed to make chemical reactions fast enough to maintain life
17
Q
What are enzymes made of?
A
Protein
18
Q
What are the five features of enzymes?
A
- very efficient
- not used up nor altered
- act like catalyst
- don’t cause novel reactions
- specific to specific substrate
19
Q
What do substrates bind to in enzymes?
A
Their active site
20
Q
How are enzymes named?
A
According to the reactions they take part in; end in ‘ase’
21
Q
What is the name of the protein portion of an enzyme?
A
Apoenzyme
22
Q
What is the name of the non-organic portion of the enzyme?
A
Cofactor
23
Q
When is a cofactor a coenzyme?
A
When the cofactor is an organic compound
24
Q
What is a holoenzyme?
A
A complete enzyme; apoenzyme + cofactor
25
What is the function of the cofactor?
Receive atoms from substrate and release atoms needed by substrate
26
T/F - A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme
False
27
What five things can affect enzyme activity?
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Substrate concentration
4. Concentration of enzyme
5. Inhibitors
28
What is the ideal temperature for enzymes?
Body temperature
29
What happens when an enzyme gets cold?
It becomes inactive or slow
30
When does an enzyme denature?
When it grows too hot
31
What pH do enzymes prefer?
Neutral
32
What is the limiting factor in substrate concentrations?
The availability of the enzyme active site
33
T/F - To a point, the more specific substrate available, the greater rate of reaction and end product
True
34
What is the limiting factor in concentration of enzyme?
Availability of specific substance
35
What are the two kinds of enzyme inhibitor?
Competitive and Non-competitive
36
What is another name for non-competitive inhibition?
Allosteric inhibition
37
How do competitive inhibitors work?
Block active site of enzyme causing no reaction or different reaction
38
Why do enzymes hate when a reaction other than the one they were designed for occurs?
Energy is lost
39
How do allosteric inhibitors work?
Block anywhere except the active site, make active site change shape
40
What may be part of a feedback mechanism?
Inhibitors
41
Are ribozymes enzymes?
No
42
What are ribozymes?
A type of RNA that acts like an enzyme on RNA only
43
What do all cells produce?
Energy
44
What happens to electrons in oxidation?
They are lost
45
What happens to electrons in reduction?
They are gained
46
What is a redox reaction?
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
47
What are electrons always paired with in a solution?
H+
48
Reductants
Electron donors that are oxidized
49
Oxidants
Electron acceptors that are reduced
50
Occurs in pairs and uses carriers
Redox reaction
51
Takes E-/H+ from reductant to oxidant
Redox reaction
52
What is the most important pathway for e- carriers?
E- transport chain
53
What do e- transport chains work across?
Cell membrane
54
What is the purpose of the e- transport chain?
To build up a proton gradient
55
What is a proton gradient used for?
Production of energy
56
What is the purpose of redox reactions?
Obtain energy from nutrients
57
How do redox reactions work?
Nutrients are reduced and potential energy is oxidized after catabolism
58
What is phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphate to an organic compound; used in redox; ex. P + ADP = ATP
59
Three types of phosphorylation
1. Substrate level
2. Oxidative
3. Photophosphorylation
60
In what kind of phosphorylation does nothing happen except the addition of phosphate?
Substrate level
61
What kind of phosphorylation is most used during respiration?
Oxidative
62
When are e- transport chains used to build proton gradients?
in oxidative phosphorylation
63
What is another name for the proton gradient?
Proton motive force
64
What is chemiosmosis?
a form of oxidative phosphorylation that uses e-chains to make ATP
65
Which method of ATP production uses the energy of light?
Photophosphorylation
66
What two components do all living organisms require?
An energy source and a carbon source
67
What is the carbon source of heterotrophs?
Organic compounds
68
What is the carbon source of autotrophs?
CO2, convert it from gas to useable form
69
What is the energy source of heterotrophs?
Light, photosynthesis
70
What is the energy source of chemotrophs?
Chemicals
71
What are the four nutritional categories of living organisms?
1. Photoautotroph
2. Photoheterotroph
3. Chemoautotroph
4. Chemoheterotroph
72
Photoautotroph
energy - light; carbon - CO2
73
Photoheterotroph
energy - light; carbon - organic compounds
74
Chemoautotroph
energy - inorganic chemicals; carbon - CO2
75
Chemoheterotroph
energy- organic chemicals; carbon - organic compounds
76
To which nutritional category do humans belong?
Chemoheterotrophs
77
What are used to produce energy?
Carbohydrates (CHDs) - a major source of cellular energy
78
What is the most important CHD?
Glucose
79
What are the 3 methods of CHD metabolism?
1. Respiration (anaerobic)
2. Respiration (aerobic)
3. Fermentation
80
What is the first stage of all 3 types of metabolism?
Glycolysis
81
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose, yields 2 pyruvic acid, uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP
82
What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?
Kreb's cycle
83
How many ATP are made in the second stage of aerobic respiration?
2 ATP
84
What is the third stage of aerobic respiration?
e- transport chains and chemiosmosis
85
How many ATP are made by proks in the 3rd stage of aerobic respiration?
34 ATP (total 38)
86
How many ATP are made by euks in the 3rd stage of aerobic respiration?
32 ATP (total 36)
87
Describe anaerobic respiration
Less efficient than aerobic respiration, doesn't use all of Kreb's cycle, less electron carriers are available
88
Which stage of anaerobic respiration varies from organism to organism?
Second stage
89
Describe fermentation
1. glycolysis - +2 ATP
2. no Kreb's cycle
3. less efficient ETC
net gain +2 ATP
90
What are the two pathways of the 3rd stage of fermentation?
1. Lactic acid production
| 2. Ethanol production
91
In what ways is lactic acid production helpful to humans?
Produces pickled foods, yogurt, ect.
92
What is ethanol production responsible for?
Alcohol
93
What the the name of organisms that can produce only lactic acid?
Homolactic
94
What is the name of organisms that can produce different kinds of acids?
Heterolactic
95
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
96
What is composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids?
Lipid molecule
97
What breaks down lipids?
Lipases
98
What are being used to break down petrol products via bioremediation?
Lipases
99
What are amino acids the building blocks of?
Proteins
100
What catabolize proteins?
Proteases
101
Can proteins go through the cell membrane?
No
102
Can amino acids travel through the cell membrane?
Yes
103
What breaks down amino acids that are inside the cell?
Kreb's cycle
104
What is the process of protein catabolism called?
Deamination
105
What is the use of light to produce energy?
Photosynthesis
106
The most important pathway by which carbon and energy enter living organisms
Photosynthesis
107
End product of photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
108
Two stages of photosynthesis
1. Light dependent - sunlight converted into ATP and NADPH
| 2. Light independent - uses H+, C, O, e- energy to make carbohydrates
109
From where does light independent photosynthesis acquire its reactants?
energy - from ATP of 1st stage
H+ and e- - from NADPH of 1st stage
C and O - from CO2
110
What is carbon fixation?
Taking carbon gas and making it into useable energy
111
What is the end product of the Calvin Benson cycle?
Sugar phosphate
112
What does a cell make with carbohydrates?
Other macromolecules
