Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

• all biochemical reactions that occur in the cell

Question 2

What are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 2

• anabolism

- catabolism

Question 3

What is anabolism?

Answer 3

• synthesizing large complex molecules from small simple molecules
• requires energy

Question 4

What are the examples of anabolism?

Answer 4

• synthesizing a polypeptide chain from amino acids

- condensation of fatty acids and glycerol to form triglyceride

Question 5

What is catabolism?

Answer 5

• process of breaking down large complex molecules into small simple molecules
• releases energy

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

• organic catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions

Question 7

The substance that an enzyme acts on is called _____.

Answer 7

• substrate

Question 8

All enzymes are ____, but not all enzymes are synthesized from ____.

Answer 8

• proteins

Question 9

What is the acronym for the characteristics of enzymes?

Answer 9

• Connor ( catalyst )
• Reed ( rapidly )
• Sucked ( small quantity )
• Some ( structure unchanged )
• Rough ( reversible )
• Cock ( cofactors )
• In ( inhibitors )
• Seat ( specific )

Question 10

What are cofactors?

Answer 10

• substances that bind to an enzyme to increase its activity

Question 11

What are inhibitors?

Answer 11

• substances that bind to an enzyme to decrease or stop enzyme activity

Question 12

What are the two types of enzymes?

Answer 12

• intracellular enzymes

- extracellular enzymes

Question 13

Explain intracellular enzymes.

Answer 13

• produced by a cell and functions within the cell

- synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and transported to organelles

Question 14

Explain extracellular enzymes.

Answer 14

• produced by a cell and functions outside the cell

- synthesized by ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

What are the first three steps in the production of extracellular enzymes?

Answer 15

• ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
• synthesized proteins enter the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported through it
• once reaching the end, membrane buds off to form transport vesicles

Question 16

What is the function of transport vesicles in the production of extracellular enzymes?

Answer 16

• contains proteins that move towards the Golgi apparatus and fuses with it

Question 17

What occurs in the Golgi apparatus during the production of extracellular enzymes?

Answer 17

• proteins modified into enzymes and secreted in secretory vesicles that are formed from the tip of the Golgi apparatus

Question 18

What is the last step in the production of extracellular enzymes?

Answer 18

• secretory vesicles move towards plasma membrane and fuse with it to secrete extracellular enzymes

Question 19

The action of the enzyme is based on the _______.

Answer 19

• ‘lock and key’ hypothesis

Question 20

Enzymes have a specific region called _____.

Answer 20

• active site

Question 21

The shape of the substrate is _______ the shape of the enzyme’s active site.

Answer 21

• complementary to

Question 22

What structure is formed when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme?

Answer 22

• an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 23

Most reactions require a ________.

Answer 23

• high activation energy

Question 24

What is activation energy?

Answer 24

• energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

Question 25

Enzymes can be used to ____ the activation energy.

Answer 25

- lower

Question 26

What are the factors that affect the mechanism of enzyme action?

Answer 26

- Temperature - pH - Substrate concentration - enzyme concentration

Question 27

The limiting factor for the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction is

Answer 27

- enzyme concentration

Question 28

What is called immobilized enzymes?

Answer 28

- enzymes that are not affected by pH and temperature

Question 29

Protease enzyme is used to ________. this enzyme breaks down ____________ in meat into simpler molecules to make the meat _____. Protease enzyme found in the ________ can also be used to tenderize meat.

Answer 29

- tenderize meat - large complex proteins - soft - sap of unripe papayas

Question 30

Amylase is mixed in ______ to remove the ____ stain. Amylase is needed to produce fructose syrup as food and drinks _____.

Answer 30

- detergent - starch - sweetener

Question 31

Cellulase is used to _____ the _____ of plants such as seaweed and make jelly.

Answer 31

- digest | - cell wall

Question 32

Yeast produces zymase to digest ____ into ____.

Answer 32

- glucose | - ethanol

Question 33

Lactase is used to produce lactose-free milk. Lactase digest _____ into _____ and ______.

Answer 33

- lactose - glucose - galactose

Question 34

Pectinase is used to digest _____ in plant cells. Thus, it helps to produce _____ and more volume of fruit juice.

Answer 34

- pectin | - clear

Question 35

Trypsin is used to dissolve _______.

Answer 35

- blood stains