Chapter 5 Natural Selection Of The Origin Of Species

Question 0

Macro evolution

Answer 0

Large-scale evolution the evolution of new species and higher categories

Question 1

Microevolution

Answer 1

Small-scale evolution genetic changes within a population over time

Question 2

Artificial selection

Answer 2

The deliberate of breeding of domesticated animals or plants

Question 3

Physical environment

Answer 3

The inanimate elements that surround an organism

Question 4

Biological environment

Answer 4

The living element surrounding the organism

Question 5

Cultural environment

Answer 5

The products of human endeavor including technology and social institutions around in the organism

Question 6

Microenvironment

Answer 6

A specific set of physical biological and cultural factors immediately surrounding an organism

Question 7

Habitat

Answer 7

The place in which a particular organism lives

Question 8

Microhabitat

Answer 8

A very specific habitats in which a population is found

Question 9

Ecological niche

Answer 9

The specific microhabitat in which a particular population lives and the way the population exploits that microhabitat

Question 10

Selective agent

Answer 10

Any factor that brings about differences in fertility and mortality

Question 11

Selective pressure

Answer 11

Pressure placed by a selective agent on certain individuals within the population that results in the change of allelic frequencies in the next generation

Question 12

Fitness

Answer 12

Measures of how well an individual or population is adapted to a specific ecological niche as seen in her reproductive rates

Question 13

Directional selection

Answer 13

A type of natural selection characterized by a generation after generation shift in a population in a specific direction such as towards larger body size

Question 14

Stabilizing selection

Answer 14

A type of natural selection characterized by generation after generation shift in a population in the direction of the average individual such as towards average body size

Question 15

Disruptive selection

Answer 15

A type of natural selection characterized by a generation after generation shift in the population away from the original

Question 16

Erythrocyte

Answer 16

Red blood cell, that lacks nucleus and contain red pigment hemoglobin.

Question 17

Hemoglobin

Answer 17

Protein in red blood cells that Carrie oxygen to and carbon dioxide from body tissues

Question 18

Hemoglobin A

Answer 18

Normal adult hemoglobin whose goblin unit consists of two alpha and two beta chains

Question 19

Hemoglobin S

Answer 19

An abnormal variant of hemoglobin A that differs from the latter in having a single amino acid substitution on the beta chain

Question 20

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 20

Disorder in individuals homozygous for hemoglobin S in which red blood cells will develop into rigid, misshapen forms that clog capillaries, resulting in anemia

Question 21

Sickle cell trait

Answer 21

The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin A and S, yet the individual shows no abnormal symptoms

Question 22

Sexual selection

Answer 22

Selection that favors characteristics that increase reproductive success, usually due to make competition or female mate choice

Question 23

Inter sexual selection

Answer 23

A form of sexual selection, selection for traits that make males more attractive to females

Question 24

Intrasexual selection

Answer 24

A form of sexual selection. Selections for characteristics that make males better able to compete with one another for sexual access to females

Question 25

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 25

Differences in structure between males and females of the same species

Question 26

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 26

The study of the role of biology and natural selection in human behavior

Question 27

Altruism

Answer 27

Behavior characterized by self sacrifice that being it's others

Question 28

Kin selection

Answer 28

A process whereby an individuals genes are selected for by virtue of that individuals increasing the chances that his/her kind genes are propagated into the next generation

Question 29

Inclusive fitness

Answer 29

An individual own fitness plus his or her effect on the fitness of any relative

Question 30

Coefficient of relatedness

Answer 30

A measurement of the degree of genetic relationship or the number of shared genes between two individuals

Question 31

Demes

Answer 31

Local breeding populations, the smallest reproductive populations

Question 32

Clinical distribution

Answer 32

A distribution of frequencies that show a systematic graduation over space, also called continuos variation

Question 33

Subspecies

Answer 33

Interfertile groups within a species that can display significant Differentiation among themselves

Question 34

Geographical isolation

Answer 34

Form of reproductive isolation in which members of a population becomes separated from another population through geographical barriers that prevent the interchange of genes between the separated populations

Question 35

Speciation

Answer 35

Evolutionary process that is set to occur when 2 previous subspecies of the same species are no longer capable of successful interbreeding they are than two different species

Question 36

Allopatric species

Answer 36

Species occupying mutually exclusive geographical areas

Question 37

Ecological isolation

Answer 37

Form reproductive isolation in which two closely related species are separated by what is often slight differences and niches they occupy

Question 38

Seasonal isolation

Answer 38

Form of reproductive isolation in which the breeding seasons of two closely related populations do not correspond

Question 39

Sexual isolation

Answer 39

Form of reproductive isolation in which one or both sexes of a species initiate made in behavior that does not act as a stimulus to the opposite sex of a closely related species

Question 40

Mechanical isolation

Answer 40

Reproductive isolation occurs because of an incompatibility with structure of the male and female sex organs

Question 41

Premating mechanism

Answer 41

Form of reproductive isolation that prevents mating from occurring

Question 42

Postmating mechanism

Answer 42

Any form my reproductive isolation that occurs after mating

Question 43

Gametic mortality

Answer 43

Form of reproductive isolation in which sperm or immobilized and destroyed before for the fertilization can take place

Question 44

Zygotic mortality

Answer 44

Form of reproductive isolation in which fertilization occurs but development stop soon after

Question 45

Hybrid inviability

Answer 45

Form of reproductive isolation in which mating between two species gives rise to a hybrid that is fertile but nevertheless does not leave any offspring

Question 46

Hybrid sterility

Answer 46

Former reproductive isolation in which a hybrid of two species a sterile

Question 47

Specialized species

Answer 47

A species closely fitted to a specific niche and able to tolerate little change in that niche

Question 48

Generalize species

Answer 48

Species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches

Question 49

Phyletic gradualism

Answer 49

The idea that evolution is a slow process with gradual transformation of one population into another

Question 50

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 50

A model of evolution characterized by an uneven tempo of change

Question 51

Pre-adaptation

Answer 51

The situation in which a new structure or behavior that evolved in one niche is by chance also suited in some cases better suited to a new niche

Question 52

Adaptive radiation

Answer 52

The evolution of a single population into a number of different species

Question 53

Extinction

Answer 53

The disappearance of the population