Chapter 5: Neoplasia

Question 1

cancer cells have a lack of ______

Answer 1

contact inhibition

Question 2

• cancer cells are ______ and more adaptive to survive under ______; they require less ______ to survive
• cancer cells contain fewer mitochondria, less RER, and fewer specialized enzymes
• can be grown ______ (“immortal”)

Answer 2

less differentiated
unfavorable conditions
oxygen
indefinitely

Question 3

any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium

Answer 3

polyp, papilloma

Question 4

a benign tumor. the prefix designates primary tissue of organ

Answer 4

______ + oma (suffix)

Question 5

malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)

Answer 5

carcinoma

Question 6

malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium

Answer 6

sarcoma

Question 7

neoplasm of blood cells

Answer 7

leukemia

Question 8

if you stop these factors, the tumor will die

Answer 8

tumor angiogenic factors

Question 9

tumors of blood cells and lymphocytes

Answer 9

leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma

Question 10

tumors of neural cells

Answer 10

neuroblastoma

Question 11

tumors of glial cells and neural supporting cells

Answer 11

glioma, meningioma

Question 12

germ cell tumors

Answer 12

teratoma

Question 13

tumors composed of embryonic cells originating from embryonic primordia

Answer 13

blastomas

Question 14

eye tumors

Answer 14

retinoblastoma

Question 15

arenal medulla or immature neural cells tumor

Answer 15

neuroblastoma

Question 16

liver tumor

Answer 16

hepatoblastoma

Question 17

kidney

Answer 17

nephroblastoma

Question 18

these tumors carry the name of the physicians who have described them first, such as:

• Hodgkin’s disease
• Ewing’s sarcoma
• Kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 18

eponymic tumors

Question 19

exogenous causes of cancer:

• ______: polycyclic aromatic carbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines & heavy metals
• ______: UV, X-rays and radioactivity
• ______: (e.g., viruses)

Answer 19

chemical
physical
biologic

Question 20

endogenous causes of cancer

• ______
• ______ suppressor genes

Answer 20

oncogenes

tumor

Question 21

carcinogen is absorbed preformed or in the form of pro-carcinogen, which is transformed into the active carcinogen

Answer 21

chemical carcinogenesis

Question 22

carcinogen acts stepwise: (5)

Answer 22

initiation 
promotion
conversion
progression
clonal expansion

Question 23

Human papilloma virus
epstein-barr virus
hepatitis B virus

Answer 23

DNA viruses

Question 24

Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1)

Answer 24

RNA virus

Question 25

cervical cancer vaccine that helps protect against 4 types of ______

Answer 25

gardasil | HPV

Question 26

protect the cells against activated or newly acquired oncogenes

Answer 26

tumor supressor genes

Question 27

best known tumor suppressor genes are: (2)

Answer 27

p53 | BRCA-1, 2 & 3

Question 28

- a tumor supressor protein - a ______ acts as a transcription factor - functions by switching off replication of ______ to allow for its repair - if repair fails, may trigger cell suicide by ______ - mutations of p53 may represent the primary events in the evolution of a normal tissue to a ______ - found mutated in over ______ of many known cancers

Answer 28

``` p53 nuclear phosphoprotein damaged DNA apoptosis cancerous state 50% ```

Question 29

cancer treatments

Answer 29

immunotherapy radiation therapy chemotherapy

Question 30

use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target vital cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth -goal: to eliminate enough tumor cells

Answer 30

chemotherapy

Question 31

take T cells out, make them stronger with medicine, and inject them back in the patient

Answer 31

immunotherapy

Question 32

- most severe form of malnutrition - present in 80% of cancer patients at death - includes anorexia, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism - muscle wasting disease

Answer 32

cachexia