Chapter 5 - nutrition basics Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Fact or Fiction: There is no evidence to support the efficacy of a detox diet or cleanse if the person has normal kidney and liver function.
A
Answer: True – your kidney and liver are already cleansing if it is already healthy. In addition to this, it is impossible to sweat out toxins because you would be dead if toxins were in the blood.
2
Q
Fact or Fiction: A high protein diet (> 1.2 g/kg/day) will lead to kidney and liver failure?
A
Answer: Fiction – There is zero evidence. Protein is filtered out through urine and secreted through time.
It is crucial to stick to evidence-based research.
3
Q
Fact or Fiction: Carbohydrates are the main cause of obesity in the world?
A
Answer: Fiction – Its about how you utilize those carbs. Weight gain is about energy balance – eating more than you are burning (cals in VS. cals out)
4
Q
Fact or Fiction: Carbohydrates are primarily stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle and the liver?
A
Fact: We only store in two areas. Carbs produce vast amounts of energy very quickly. During high intensity exercise, carbs are our main source of energy. Those who weight train have the luxury of eating more carbs as the glycogen is stored and then utilized more efficiently.
5
Q
Why should Canadians eat more vegetables and fruits for a healthier diet?
A
they are packed with essential nutrients that are good for the body. They contain fiber for digestion and antioxidants that help protect against diseases.
6
Q
What health problems can highly processed and chemically-based foods cause?
A
an increased risk of conditions like cancer, due to the artificial additives and preservatives they contain.
7
Q
Is it okay to eat fruits despite the sugar (fructose) they have?
A
Yes, it’s fine to eat fruits because the sugar (fructose) in them is natural and comes with fiber and other nutrients. This makes it a healthier choice compared to added sugars like high-fructose corn syrup.
8
Q
Why is dietary fiber in fruits important for digestion?
A
helps keep your digestion on track. It comes in two forms, soluble and insoluble, and helps with regular bowel movements, prevents constipation, and keeps you feeling full, which can help with weight management.
9
Q
How do fructose and fiber in fruits affect digestion, and why is it good for your health?
A
slows down how quickly your body digests them. This means a steady and sustained energy source, helping to avoid sudden spikes in blood sugar levels, which is good for your overall health.
10
Q
Do cancer cells react strongly when exposed to refined sugar in a lab dish? What process to cancer cell rely on?
A
Yes, when cancer cells are placed in a dish with refined sugar, they often display strong reactions.
Cancer cells tend to consume more glucose (sugar) compared to normal cells, and they heavily rely on a process called glycolysis to metabolize glucose for energy.
11
Q
what is gycolysis
A
a process that metabolizes glucose to produce energy even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis).
12
Q
Is there a connection between high insulin spikes from sugar and dementia diseases?
A
Yes, there is a strong correlation between high insulin spikes caused by sugar consumption and an increased risk of dementia diseases. Some studies suggest that insulin resistance and metabolic issues may contribute to cognitive decline and the development of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
13
Q
Why is it recommended to start the day with a high-protein breakfast if you want to lose weight?
A
because protein helps you feel full and satisfied. It has a higher thermic effect of food (TEF), meaning it requires more energy to digest. Eating breakfast may also temporarily boost metabolism through the thermic effect of food.
14
Q
What are nutrients, and what are some of their functions in the body?
A
Nutrients are substances found in food and products that serve specific functions in the body. They provide support and energy, aid in growth and development, and help regulate metabolism.
15
Q
Is water considered a type of nutrient?
A
Yes, water is classified as a nutrient because it plays a vital role in maintaining bodily functions and overall health.
16
Q
What is the role of blood plasma in the body?
A
Blood plasma is the liquid part of blood, making up about 55% of the total blood volume. It carries blood cells, platelets, nutrients, hormones, and other essential substances throughout the body, supporting various bodily functions and overall health.
17
Q
Is it advisable to take a multivitamin, and will it have adverse effects?
A
Taking a multivitamin can be beneficial and generally does not cause adverse effects. It can help supplement your nutrient intake, especially if your diet lacks certain nutrients.
18
Q
How do nutrients support the body?
A
Nutrients provide energy, support development, and enhance the immune system.
19
Q
what does the body do if you don’t eat all day?
A
For those who don’t eat all day, the body adapts to maintain a healthy weight by using stored energy reserves.
20
Q
What are the energy-yielding nutrients, and how do they differ?
A
The energy-yielding nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They provide the body with energy, but each serves different functions. Carbohydrates provide quick energy, proteins support growth and development, and fats are a long-term energy source.
21
Q
Which nutrient is essential for survival, and why?
A
Protein is the only nutrient essential for survival because the body cannot make protein molecules from carbohydrates or fats. Insufficient protein intake can lead to muscle breakdown.
22
Q
Is it possible to go through life without eating carbohydrates?
A
Yes, it is technically possible to go your entire life without consuming carbohydrates, but it may not be practical or healthy, as carbohydrates provide quick energy and are a common dietary component.
23
Q
What is the role of macronutrients, and what are they also known as?
A
Macronutrients, also known as energy-yielding nutrients, provide the body with energy. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are macronutrients. Alcohol can also provide energy but is often considered empty calories.
24
Q
How do we measure macronutrients, and what does it tell us about food?
A
Macronutrients are measured in kilocalories (calories), which is a unit of heat or energy. When a food item has many calories, it means it is both nutrient and calorie-dense. The goal is to choose nutrient-dense foods, which provide essential nutrients and are not necessarily high in calories. For example, Greek yogurt contains calcium, vitamin D, protein, and probiotics, making it nutrient-dense and sustaining.
25
Why are macronutrients considered important, and how much of them do we need daily?
Macronutrients are needed in large quantities every day because they provide the body with essential energy and nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve various functions to keep the body healthy and functioning optimally.
26
what provides energy for the body?
macronutrients
27
what is the amount of energy measured in?
kilocalories, kcalorie or kcal
28
How many calories does protein provide per gram when your body uses it for energy?
Protein provides about 4 calories per gram when metabolized in the body.
29
What is the caloric content of fat, and what does this reveal about its energy density?
Fat provides approximately 9 calories per gram when metabolized, making it a very energy-dense nutrient.
30
Why is it important to consume fats in appropriate amounts?
It's important to consume fats in appropriate amounts because they are highly energy-dense. Excessive fat intake can lead to an overabundance of calories in the diet, which may contribute to weight gain and health issues.
31
It's important to consume fats in appropriate amounts because they are highly energy-dense. Excessive fat intake can lead to an overabundance of calories in the diet, which may contribute to weight gain and health issues.
When alcohol is called "empty" or "non-nutritive" calories, it means it supplies energy (calories) but lacks essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other important elements necessary for proper bodily function.
32
List the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR): range for healthy intake
o carbohydrate (45 to 65 %)
o protein (10 to 35 %)
o fat (20 to 35 %)
33
what is saturated fat involved in?
highly involved in fast foods, candy, deep-fried food
34
what are healthy fats?
Healthy fats, often known as unsaturated fats, are good for your health. They can be found in foods like avocados, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish like salmon. These fats can help lower the risk of heart disease and provide essential nutrients for your body.
35
what percent of dietary fat is keto?
90%
36
Does water provide calories (kcalories)?
No, water does not provide any calories.
37
What percentage of the healthy human body is made up of water?
Water makes up approximately 60% of the healthy human body.
38
What percentage of your muscles is composed of water?
About 70% of your muscle mass is made up of water.
39
Does coffee dehydrate you?
No, coffee itself does not dehydrate you. It's the solution it is mixed with (usually water) that can lead to increased urination.
40
Do micronutrients provide energy for the body?
No, micronutrients do not provide energy for the body, but they are necessary for proper bodily functions.
41
What are examples of micronutrients, and where do they come from?
Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals, and they must come from the diet. Excess micronutrients are typically excreted through urine.
42
Are micronutrients needed in large amounts?
No, micronutrients are essential for good health but are required in small amounts. Supplements can be beneficial when they are used to address deficiencies.
43
How do macronutrients and micronutrients work together to maintain a healthy body?
Macronutrients and micronutrients collaborate to help the body stay healthy, and consuming a balanced diet plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis.
44
How does the body release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
Biochemical reactions in the body are responsible for releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Protein can stimulate metabolism, too.
45
What is the purpose of the energy produced in the body, and what are the main macronutrients designed for?
The energy produced in the body is used to maintain bodily functions and fuel physical work. The main macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) are designed for growth, development, and providing energy.
46
What happens if more energy is consumed than the body needs over time?
body weight will gradually increase.
47
What makes up most of the body's weight, and how does body fat change with age?
Most of the body's weight is due to water, fat, and protein. Body fat tends to accumulate more easily as people get older, and in females, this accumulation may increase around the age of 18.
48
provide an example of how nutrients contribute to forming and maintaining the body's shape and structure?
For example, proteins form ligaments and tendons that hold bones together and attach muscles to bones.
49
What do lipids and proteins do at the cellular level?
At the cellular level, lipids and proteins make up the cell membranes. It's important to note that protein is rarely stored as body fat, while simple sugars and saturated fat are more likely to be stored as body fat.
50
How much protein is needed for muscle protein synthesis, and what factors influence this?
The amount of protein needed for muscle protein synthesis depends on various factors, including your age, weight, overall health, activity level, and individual protein requirements.
Typically, the recommended protein intake for muscle protein synthesis is expressed as grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (g/kg/day).
51
What is the term for all the reactions that happen in the body?
metabolism.
52
What is the proper regulation of metabolism called?
homeostasis.
53
How do nutrients contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
Each nutrient plays a role in helping to maintain homeostasis in the body.
54
Which nutrients can speed up or slow down metabolic reactions?
Protein, vitamins, and minerals
55
How does water contribute to the body's functioning?
Water helps to regulate temperature in the body.
56
What is the best lifestyle intervention to stimulate metabolism?
Movement and exercise are the best lifestyle interventions to stimulate metabolism. Exercise increases energy expenditure, which, in turn, boosts metabolism and helps manage weight and body composition.
57
What does the term "dietary pattern" describe?
a way of eating that specifies the types and amounts of recommended foods and food groups, rather than individual nutrients.
58
What does "DRI" stand for, and what is its purpose?
"DRI" stands for Dietary Reference Intakes. It's a set of reference values developed by the National Academy of Sciences to provide guidelines for the adequate intake of essential nutrients, supporting good health and preventing chronic diseases.
59
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) primarily used for?
DRIs are primarily used for planning and assessing the diets of healthy individuals.
60
Why do DRIs vary according to life stage and gender, and what are some specific differences for females?
DRIs vary because nutritional needs change with age and gender. For females, there are particular differences in nutrient needs, especially for folic acid (folate) and iron.
61
What have DRIs replaced, and what is their goal in terms of health?
DRIs have replaced Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), and their goal is to promote good health and reduce chronic diseases.
62
What are the four different sets of values within the DRIs, and what do they represent?
(1) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), (2) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), (3) Adequate Intake (AI), and (4) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
They represent different levels of nutrient intake, from what's needed by most people to what should not be exceeded.
63
How can you confidently meet global nutrient needs following these guidelines?
by consuming nutrient-dense foods, which provide a wide range of essential nutrients.
64
What are some methods to identify nutrient deficiencies, and are they easily overcome?
through urine and blood tests, and they are generally easy to overcome with dietary adjustments or supplementation.
65
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) signify, and why is it important to consider?
The UL represents the maximum daily intake of a nutrient unlikely to cause adverse health effects. It's essential to consider because taking excessive amounts of certain nutrients over a prolonged period can lead to chronic diseases and negative effects on health.
For example, high doses of vitamin C can initially be harmless but may eventually accumulate in tissues and lead to health issues, such as cancer.
66
in terms of nutrient intake, what range should you be within? what happens if chronically at the upper intake level?
If chronically at the upper intake level – you could have some side effects (toxic effects, death).
Need to be within middle range.
Lower range consists of deficiency/disease, and death.
67
What is the primary recommendation in Canada's Dietary Guidelines regarding processed foods?
processed or prepared foods and beverages that contribute to excess sodium, free sugars, or saturated fat should not be consumed regularly. It is generally advised to minimize the consumption of processed foods.
68
Why is it better to choose healthy oils over saturated fats like solid fats at room temperature?
Healthy oils are preferable because they flow more easily through the body and are a better alternative to solid saturated fats.
69
Why should water be the beverage of choice, especially for weight loss?
it is calorie-free and helps keep the body hydrated.
70
Why is it advised to get protein from plant-based sources, and what are the benefits of doing so?
because they are typically full of dietary fiber, packed with vitamins and minerals, and contain amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. However, to get the proper amount of protein from plant-based sources, you may need to consume more food and calories.
71
What health risks are associated with alcohol consumption, and what is the recommended guideline?
Alcohol consumption poses health risks, including mutations in DNA with chronic consumption. The guideline promotes limiting alcohol intake to zero drinks per day.
72
What skills are needed to support healthy eating, and how can food labels help?
Food skills, such as cooking and food preparation using nutritious foods, should be promoted as practical ways to support healthy eating. Food labels can be promoted as tools to help Canadians make informed food choices.
73
What does "nutrient density" mean, and why is it important for healthy eating?
Nutrient density refers to foods that provide a significant amount of essential nutrients with minimal calories. Choosing nutrient-dense foods is important for ensuring a well-balanced and healthy diet.
74
what is nutrient density?
a measure of the nutrient a food provides to its energy content
Ex: leafy greens
75
What are the key recommendations in Canada's dietary guidelines for healthy eating?
having plenty of vegetables and fruits, eating protein foods, choosing whole grain foods, making water your drink of choice, and following a plate layout where vegetables and fruits make up about 50% of the meal, with proteins and whole grains each constituting about 25% of the plate.
76
What are the food choices recommended for maintaining health?
recommended to eat plenty of vegetables and fruits, whole grain foods, and protein foods. Choose plant-based protein foods more often, opt for healthy fats over saturated fats, limit highly processed foods, prepare meals and snacks with minimal added sodium, sugars, and saturated fat, choose healthier menu options when eating out, make water your primary beverage, use food labels, and be aware that food marketing can influence your choices.
77
What is the advice regarding supplementation and food marketing?
it's important to stick with evidence-based research, as there are many supplements that don't work and are primarily marketed.
78
What does "Daily Value" represent in nutritional information?
"Daily Value" represents how much of a specific nutrient you should obtain in your diet, expressed as a percentage (%), based on a 2000-calorie diet.
79
What is the recommended range for total fat intake as a percentage of calories in a daily diet?
20-35% of total daily calories.
80
what is the daily recommended intake for saturated fats?
The recommended intake for saturated fats is 10% of total daily calories.
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and can have many negative effects on health.
81
What is the recommended range for carbohydrate intake as a percentage of calories in a daily diet?
45-65% of total daily calories.
82
How much total sugars should you consume daily, and what is the source of these sugars?
The recommended daily limit for total sugars is 100 grams. It's important to note that this limit is for added sugars, not naturally occurring sugars found in foods like fruits.
83
How much fiber should you aim to consume daily, and what are good sources of fiber?
Aim for 28 or more grams of fiber daily, with fruits and vegetables being excellent sources.
84
What is the recommended range for protein intake as a percentage of calories in a daily diet?
10-35% of total daily calories.
85
What is the recommended daily limit for cholesterol intake?
The recommended limit for cholesterol intake is 300 mg per day.
86
What is the recommended daily limit for sodium intake, and why should it be limited for some individuals?
The recommended limit for sodium intake is 2300 mg per day. It should be limited, especially for individuals with a history of high blood pressure, as excessive sodium intake can acutely increase blood pressure.
87
How much potassium should you aim to consume daily, and what foods are good sources of potassium?
Aim for 4700 mg of potassium daily. Foods like bananas are good sources of potassium. Imbalances in sodium and potassium can lead to issues like muscle cramping.
88
What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate, and what is it called?
The basic unit of a carbohydrate is a single sugar molecule known as a monosaccharide.
89
What are the three most common monosaccharides in the diet?
The three most common monosaccharides in the diet are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
90
What is the primary carbohydrate fuel for the body, and what is it also known as?
The primary carbohydrate fuel for the body is glucose, which is also known as "blood sugar."
91
What are disaccharides, and how are they formed?
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides come together through a dehydration reaction, which involves removing water.
For example, glucose + glucose form maltose, while glucose + fructose create sucrose (table sugar), and glucose + galactose make lactose (milk sugar).
92
What are polysaccharides, and what role do they play in the body?
Polysaccharides are long chains of glucose molecules. They serve as a way to store carbohydrates in the body, particularly near the muscles, to provide a source of energy when needed. Polysaccharides are also known as "complex carbohydrates" and include starch and cellulose (fiber) from plants and glycogen from animals.
93
what foods provide a small amount of carbohydrates to the body though its glycogen content?
foods like red meat, poultry, and seafood.
94
what are lipids?
the chemical term for fat. Lipids are a group of organic molecules, most of which do not dissolve in water.
95
what are some examples of lipid molecules?
Examples of lipid molecules include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
96
What is the primary function of triglycerides, and where are they commonly found?
triglycerides are fat molecules that serve the purpose of energy storage and insulation. They are found in oils, fats, and the body's fat stores.
97
What are phospholipids, and where are they found in the body?
Phospholipids are the building blocks of cell membranes and are found throughout the body. They play a crucial role in structuring cells and controlling what enters and exits them.
98
What is a common example of sterols, and why are they important in the body?
Cholesterol is a common example of sterols. Sterols, including cholesterol, are found in cell membranes and certain foods and are essential for cell structure and hormone production.
99
How many calories per gram do fats and oils contain?
Fats and oils contain 9 calories per gram.
100
Why is dietary fat important for cell membranes, and what issues can saturated and trans fats cause in the bloodstream?
: Dietary fat is important for cell membrane structure, acting as a barrier. Saturated and trans fats can cause issues in the bloodstream because they are more difficult to be transported through arteries, potentially leading to health problems.
101
What is the primary form of lipid in food and the body, and what are triglycerides composed of?
Triglycerides are the major form of lipid in food and the body. They consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
102
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of energy yield when broken down?
saturated fats, found in dense and solid forms, can be broken down to yield more energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) compared to unsaturated fats. This is because saturated fats have single bonds in their carbon chains, making them more energy-dense.
103
How does excess consumption of triglycerides impact the body?
When consumed in excess, triglycerides, as the primary form of fat storage in the body, can be easily stored, leading to an increase in body fat levels.
104
what are a major forms of lipid found in the body?
triglycerides
105
what are triglycerides attached to?
a glycerol molecule
Has a “head” on it that attracts water. This makes them insoluble in water but crucial for their function in the body.
106
explain the formation and structure of triglycerides:
A triglyceride (triacylglycerol) is formed when 3 fatty acids bind to a molecule of glycerol. As each bond is formed, a hydrogen atom (H) from the glycerol and a hydroxyl group (OH) from the acid end of the fatty acid combine to form a molecule of water.
107
What are essential fatty acids, and how much should the daily diet provide?
Essential fatty acids are fats that the body cannot produce in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from the diet. The daily diet should provide 3-6 grams of these essential fatty acids.
108
What is linoleic acid, and in which food sources is it commonly found?
Linoleic acid is an Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and it is commonly found in vegetable and nut oils.
109
Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that is beneficial for human health. They include compounds such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and are found in fatty fish (like salmon and mackerel), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts.
110
omega 3 health benefits:
decrease inflammation.
increase muscle protein synthesis pathways.
increases oxygen delivery to heart during exercise.
increase nerve conduction velocity (the speed at which nerve impulses travel along nerve fibers).
increase electrical circuit to the cells.
111
what is vitamin A?
a precursor for sight (beta-carotene); an antioxidant
found in vegetables
112
what is Vitamin D essential for?
essential for bone growth and maintenance
113
what is Vitamin E?
Antioxidant - found in spinach.
114
benefits of Vitamin K?
blood flow, supports bone health, reduces risk of calcification in arteries, has protective effect on brain and nervous system, supports immune system.
115
what are amino acids?
serve as building blocks of protein. There are 20 standard amino acids which can be categorized into essential and non-essential amino acids.
116
what happens if you miss one amino acid?
body will retrieve from the liver
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how many amino acids are essential?
9. The body cannot produce these amino acids on its own, so they must be obtained through the diet.
118
what are Nonessential (dispensable) amino acids?
The body can synthesize these amino acids, so they are not required in the diet.
There are eleven non-essential amino acids.
119
what is protein digestion?
enables amino acids to enter the “amino acid pool”- blood, liver, and peripheral tissues (muscle, gut).
120
Why are amino acids in constant equilibrium in the body?
Amino acids are in constant equilibrium because they are essential for various bodily functions, and the body needs a continuous supply of amino acids in the blood.
121
What is the role of the liver in nutrient metabolism and hormone regulation?
The liver is involved in numerous metabolic processes, including nutrient metabolism, detoxification, bile production, and the regulation of glucose, cholesterol, and hormone levels in the blood.
It operates on a circadian rhythm and plays a critical role in managing hormone levels, which can fluctuate throughout the day and impact various bodily functions.
122
How is excess protein in the body handled, and what is the role of the liver in this process?
Excess protein is not stored in the body. Instead, the nitrogen component of amino acids derived from excess protein is converted to urea in the liver and excreted through the kidneys in urine.
123
What does protein consist of, and what is its role in the body?
Protein is made up of amino acids and plays a crucial role in creating cells, tissues, enzymes, hormones, and more in the body.
124
Why is protein considered a vital macronutrient for living a longer and disease-free life?
it is involved in essential functions in the body and is crucial for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting the immune system. It plays a significant role in overall health and well-being.
125
What are the primary sources of energy for the body?
Carbohydrates and fats are the primary sources of energy for the body. They are broken down into simpler molecules and converted into ATP for energy.
126
Why is preserving protein in the body important, and how can this be achieved?
Protein is crucial for various bodily functions, so preserving it for those functions is essential. Consuming enough carbohydrates and fats allows the body to spare proteins from being used as an energy source, preserving protein for its vital roles.
127
What is the body's preferred source of energy, and how are carbohydrates used for energy?
Carbohydrates are the body's preferred and readily available source of energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is used for immediate energy needs.
128
How are fats utilized for energy, and where are they stored in the body?
Fats are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down into fatty acids, which can be converted into ATP to provide a sustained and efficient energy source.
129
What is the role of protein in the body's energy metabolism, and why is it not the preferred source of energy?
Protein can be converted into energy, but it is not the preferred source of energy because the body prioritizes preserving protein for its critical functions in the body.
130
What does a balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins help ensure?
ensures that the body has adequate energy sources while preserving protein for its essential roles.
131
What is nitrogen balance, and how does it relate to protein metabolism in the body?
Nitrogen balance evaluates the relationship between nitrogen intake and loss in the body, which provides insight into protein metabolism and the body's overall protein status. Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids.
132
What is dietary input in the context of nitrogen balance?
Dietary input in the context of nitrogen balance refers to the amount of nitrogen obtained from dietary sources, primarily from protein-containing foods.
133
What is nitrogen excretion, and how is it primarily eliminated from the body?
Nitrogen excretion is the amount of nitrogen eliminated from the body, primarily through urine (urea).
134
In young, healthy adults with a well-rounded diet, how does the amount of dietary nitrogen intake compare to nitrogen excretion?
the amount of dietary nitrogen intake is approximately equal to the nitrogen excreted from the body.
135
What does a balance between dietary nitrogen and nitrogen excretion signify for the body?
the body can effectively utilize the provided protein to support various functions while maintaining a stable level of protein and nitrogen within its tissues.
136
What is negative nitrogen balance, and when does it occur?
negative nitrogen balance occurs when the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body exceeds the amount obtained from dietary sources. It typically occurs during conditions where the body's protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis, such as trauma, over-training, or certain illnesses.
137
What can negative nitrogen balance lead to, and what does it signify about the body's state?
Negative nitrogen balance can lead to muscle wasting, weakness, compromised immune function, and a decline in health. It signifies a catabolic state where the body is breaking down proteins to meet energy needs and maintain critical functions.
138
What is positive nitrogen balance, and when does it occur?
Positive nitrogen balance occurs when the dietary input of nitrogen (from protein) is greater than the amount excreted. It can occur in individuals on a calorie-sufficient diet or athletes engaged in resistance training.
139
What does positive nitrogen balance indicate about the body, and in what situations might it occur?
Positive nitrogen balance indicates an anabolic state in the body, where there is a surplus of amino acids for the formation of new tissues, repair, and growth. It may occur in athletes after workouts, promoting muscle growth and repair.
