Chapter 5 - Origin, Domestication, and Improvement of Cultivated Plants

Question 1

_____________ years ago in Egypt, Indonesia, Mesopotamia:

• Gathered Seeds
• Killed Existing Vegetation
• Formed Seedbed
• Planted
• Killed Weeds
• Killed Pests
• Harvested
• Stored

Answer 1

10,000

Question 2

_______________ had very sophisticated farming systems.

Answer 2

Jericho

Question 3

___________ were the earliest known crops

Answer 3

Cereals

Question 4

Early Agriculture allowed for ____________ settlement.

Answer 4

Permanent

Question 5

___________ were first to study AG and developed iron tools.

Answer 5

Romans

Question 6

Romans made advancements by ____________.

Answer 6

Observation

Question 7

An old civilization in Israel.

Answer 7

Natufian

Question 8

Origin of Corn, Potato and Cotton

Answer 8

America

Question 9

Origin of Wheat, Stone Fruit, and Forages

Answer 9

Eurasia

Question 10

Origin of yams

Answer 10

Africa

Question 11

Origin of soybean

Answer 11

China

Question 12

The characteristics of crop ____________ tell a lot about how to raise the crop.

Answer 12

families

Question 13

There are about _____ crop families, but only a handful are used as crops.

Answer 13

320

Question 14

Plant Explorers search the world for valuable ___________.

Answer 14

Germplasm

Question 15

______________ is a major entry point for exotic germplasm because of our agriculture and varied environments.

Answer 15

California

Question 16

_________ Family (POACEAE)

• 75% of world’s crop
• Cereals, Corn, Sorghum, Sugarcane, and Many Forages

Answer 16

Grass

Question 17

_________ OR _______ Family (FABACEAE)

• 15% of world’s crops
• Alfalfa, Clovers, Beans, Peas, Soybeans, and Peanuts

Answer 17

Legume; Pea

Question 18

_________ Family (SOLANACEAE)

• Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco

Answer 18

Potato

Question 19

___________ Family (MALVACEAE)

-Cotton

Answer 19

Mallow

Question 20

____________ Family (ASTERACEAE)

• Lettuce, Sunflower,Safflower

Answer 20

Sunflower

Question 21

__________ Family (CURCURBITACEAE)

• Melons

Answer 21

Gourd

Question 22

__________ Family (VITACEAE)

-Grapes

Answer 22

Grape

Question 23

________ Family (ROSACEAE)

• Pomes (Apples, Pears)
• Stones (Plums, Peaches, Nectarines)
• Nuts (Almonds, ETC.)
• Roses
• Blackberries

Answer 23

Rose

Question 24

__________ Family (CRUCIFERAE)

-Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Kale

Answer 24

Mustard

Question 25

___________ Family (CHENOPODIACEAE) - Sugarbeets

Answer 25

Goosefoot

Question 26

___________ Family (Umbeliferae) -Carrots

Answer 26

Carrot

Question 27

________ Family (RUTACEAE) - All Citrus (Oranges, Lemons, ETC.)

Answer 27

Rue

Question 28

KERN VS. WORLD 1. Grapes 1. Wheat 2. Cotton 2. Rice 3. Citrus 3. Corn 4. Almonds 4. Sorghum 5. Carrots 5. Barley 6. Roses 6. Oats 7. Alfalfa 7. Rye 8. Potatoes 9. Apples 10. Peppers What do you notice about these charts?

Answer 28

Kern doesn't grow cereal crops because there isn't much profit in cereals. They grow expensive crops because Kern has very good soil for growing the expensive crops.

Question 29

Crop selection and improvement started about 11 thousand years ago in the Mid- ______ with precursors of modern wheat.

Answer 29

East

Question 30

Earliest farmers would keep seed of the best plants to plant the next season = ______________

Answer 30

Selection

Question 31

In New World, Corn breeding started about ___ thousand years ago with selection from mutant Teosinte, a wild grass that still inhabits Mexico.

Answer 31

8

Question 32

Many crops were domesticated (selected) in this manner long before formal ____________.

Answer 32

Genetics

Question 33

In 1865, Gregor ____________ presented the results of his pea hybridization experiments to the Natural History Society of Brunn.

Answer 33

Mendel

Question 34

Gregor Mendel used basic math to determine that: 1) Each individual has ____ genes for each trait. 2) Genes are ________ donated from parents to progeny.

Answer 34

Two ; Randomly

Question 35

In 1902, Walter Sutton saw ___________ or gamete formation with new microscopes and related it to Mendel's principles

Answer 35

Meiosis

Question 36

In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the structure of the _______ molecule.

Answer 36

DNA

Question 37

In 1966, Nirenberg and Khorana discovered the __________ code.

Answer 37

Genetic

Question 38

One gene(dominant) completely masks the affect of the second gene(recessive). EXAMPLE: Red flowers x White flowers = Red flowers

Answer 38

Complete Dominance (Mendelian inheritance)

Question 39

One gene does not completely mask the affect of another so individuals with one of each gene have intermediary traits. EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flowers= Different shades of pink flowers

Answer 39

Incomplete Dominance

Question 40

Another gene pair somewhere else in the genome works with the gene pair of interest to affect the final trait. EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flower = Purple flowers or striped red and white flowers or pink fringed white flowers, etc.

Answer 40

Gene Interaction

Question 41

Plants must receive foreign pollen from other plant of same species to set seed. All plants genetically different. EXAMPLE: Alfalfa, potato, sugar beet

Answer 41

Cross Pollinated Species

Question 42

Plants may be cross pollinated, but usually each plant pollinates itself. All plants close to genetically identical. Most small grains like wheat. - 25% of plants worldwide are this type - Mostly Annual Plants

Answer 42

Self Pollinated Species

Question 43

Plants can easily self pollinate if no foreign pollen is available, but cross pollination is normal. Plants usually genetically different unless inbred. EXAMPLE: Corn, Cotton, Clovers

Answer 43

Mostly Cross Pollinated Species

Question 44

Harvest seed from good plants out of cross-Pollinated populations based on physical measurements or appearance and bulk for next generation.

Answer 44

Mass Selection

Question 45

Oldest and easiest traditional breeding method, however, improvements can be slow and slight.

Answer 45

Mass Selection

Question 46

Select whole plants from cross pollinated population and cross only those plants together to produce seed for next generation. -Allows genetic control over the mother and the father plants

Answer 46

Synthetic Selection

Question 47

Series of plant inbred to produce inbred lines that are homozygous for every gene.

Answer 47

Hybrids

Question 48

Cross two different inbred lines to make ________ ________.

Answer 48

Hybrid Vigor