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Anatomy > Chapter 5 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are The Functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Blood cell production
  • Leverage (tendons)
  • Protection (heart, skull, brain, organs, spine)
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2
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

supporting connective tissue that converts to hydroxyapatite crystals - that resist compression

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3
Q

What makes up 1/3 of the the bone matrix?

A

Collagen Fibers

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4
Q

Which cells are the mature cells and are housed in the lacunae?

A

Osteocytes

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5
Q

What is a lamella?

A

Little plates and layers of and concentric circles of osteocytes

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6
Q

What are the channels that extend from the osteocytes to the bone capillaries?

A

cancaliculi

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7
Q

What are the Osteoblasts?

A

“building” cells - found in the inner and outer surfaces of bones. Responsible for osteogenesis.

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8
Q

What are Osteoprogenitor Cells?

A

Bone Stem Cells that will eventually differentiate into Ostoeoblasts. Heavily involved in repairing

They are found:
innermost layer of the periosteum
inner lining of the endosteum

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

“Kill” cells - that secrete acids, dissolving nearby bones. Causing the release of store calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood

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10
Q

Osteolysis

A

The process of osteoclasts breaking down bones through the release of store calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood.

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11
Q

What type of Lamellae are there?

A

Concentric - Circular
Interstitial - Filling the gaps between Osteons
Circumferential - Outer layer surrounding outside of the osteons.

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the long bone.

A

Epiphysis - the ends of the long bone
Diaphysis - the shaft
Metaphysis - at the joints of each ends

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13
Q

What is the Periosteum and what are the two layers of membrane called?

A

(around - Bone) a dense layer of connective tissue, enveloping the bones.

  • Outermost Fiber Layer
  • Innermost Osteogenic Layer (contains osteoprogenitor cells)
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14
Q

What form in the bones, that make up spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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15
Q

What is another name for Spongy bone?

A

Cancellous Bone

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16
Q

What are the strengths and weakness of Compact Bone?

A

Very strong when stress is conducted from one end of the bone to the other end.

Weak strength when stress is applied to the sides.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of Spongy bone?.

A

Trabeculae are oriented along the stress lines, with extensive cross-bracing.

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18
Q

What cells are found in the red bone marrow in the epiphysis?

A

Red Blood Cells and platelets

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19
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

Medullary cavity

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20
Q

Endoesteum

A

Covers the spongy bones in the medullary cavity (consists of osteoprogenitor cells) actively involved in repair and growth

One cell layer and incomplete

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21
Q

What are the two types of Ossification and which bones do they involve in making?

A 
Intramembranous Ossification (within mesanchymal cells)
- Headbones and Clavicle

Endochondral Ossification (within cartilage)
- Everything else
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22
Q

What are the steps of Intramembranous Ossification?

A
  1. DIFFERENTIATION OF OSTEOBLASTS FROM MESENCHYME
    - Osteoblasts cluster to secrete components of matrix
    - Osteoid then mineralized through crystallization of calcium salts forming the ossification center
  2. FORMATION OF BONY SPICULES
    - Osteoblasts differentiate into Osteocytes getting trapped into lacunae.
    - The developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in small struts called spicules.
    - Osteoblasts continue to be produced
  3. ENTRAPMENT OF BLOOD VESSELS
    - The rate of bone growth accelerates as blood vessels branch within and grow between spicules.
    - Spicules interconnect and start to trap blood vessels within bone
  4. FORMATION OF SPONGY BONE
    - Bone continues to be deposited by osteoblasts.
    - Bony plate is perforated by blood vessels.
    - Adjacent bony plates fuse together
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23
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth in length

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24
Q

Appositional growth

A

Grown in diameter

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25
What are the four major sets of blood vessels associated with the long bones?
Nutrient vessels (artery and vein) Metaphyseal Vessels Epiphyseal Vessels Periosteal Vessels
26
What factors regulate bone growth?
``` Minerals Vitamins Calcitriol Hormones Sex Hormones ```
27
What vitamins and minerals are essential to bone growth? (Calcium Can Make People Strong along with ACiD)
``` Calcium Ions Citrate Ions Magnesium ions Phosphate ions Sodium Ions ``` Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol)
28
What glands are involved in bone growth and what hormones do they release?
Parathyroid Gland - Parathyroid Thyroid Gland - Thyroxine and Calcitonin Pituitary Gland - Growth Hormone
29
What do the Sex Hormones play in bone growth?
Stimulates osteoblast activity
30
Transverse Fractures
(across) Break transverse to the long axis
31
Displaced Fractures
(not lined up) Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements
32
Nondisplaced Fractures
Retain the normal alignment of the bond
33
Compression Fractures
(smashed) Bones "jam" together
34
Spiral Fractures
(twisted) Bones twist along the length of the bone
35
Epiphyseal Fractures
(through the plate) Fractures within the epiphyseal region
36
Comminuted Fractures
(pieces) The fractured area shatters into many bony fragments
37
Greenstick Fractures
(twigged) Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends
38
Colles Fracture
(through the radial head) A Break at the distal portion of the radius
39
Pott Fracture
(through the fibia and tibula) Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula
40
What are the 7 categories of bones?
``` Sutural Irregular Short bones Pneumatized Flat Long Sesamoid ```
41
Sutural Bones
Small, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull along the sutures. They develop from separate centers of ossification Skull
42
Irregular bones
Complex shape with short, flat, notched, or ridge surfaces. Vertebrae and several bones in the skull.
43
Short Bones
Boxlike in appearance. External surfaces covered by compact bone, but spongy interior. The Carpal bones and tarsal bones
44
Pneumatized Bones
Hollow bones or contain numerous air pockets the ethmoid bone
45
Flat Bones
Thin roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone. Protect underlying soft tissue and have an extensive surface area. Contain thick layers of compact bone with internal and external tables, and in between is spongy bone called the Diploe. Roof of the Skull, Sternum, Scapulae
46
Long Bones
Long and slender. Have a diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses and a medullary cavity Humerus, Radis, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
47
Sesamoid Bones
Small, round, and flat. They develop inside tendons Joints at the knee - Patella, Hands, and the Feet
48
Sesamoid Bones
Small, round, and flat. They develop inside tendons Joints at the knee - Patella, Hands, and the Feet
49
Process on a bone
Any projection or bumb
50
Ramus
An extension of bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure
51
Sinus/Antum
A chamber within a bone, usually filled with air
52
Meatus/Canal
A passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
53
Fissure
A deep furrow, cleft or slit
54
Foramen
A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
55
Sulcus
A narrow grooce
56
Trochanter
Large, rough projection
57
Crest
A prominent Ridge
58
Spine
A pointed process
59
Line
A low ridge
60
Tubercle
A small rounded projection
61
Tuberosity
A rough projection
62
Head
the expanded articular end
63
Neck
A narrower connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
64
Facet
A small, flat articular surface
65
Condyle
the expanded articular end
66
Tochlea
A smooth, grooved articular, process shaped like a pulley
67
What hormone does the parathyroid gland release and what does it do?
Releases parathyroid hormone stimulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts activity, - Increasing the rate of calcium absorption along the small intestine - Reduces the rate of calcium loss in the urine
68
What do sex hormones do for bone growth?
Stimulate Osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages narrow and eventually ossify, or close
69
What does the pituitary gland and thyroid gland produce for bone growth?
Growth Hormone and Thyroxine to stimulate bone growth until the time of puberty
70
Steps of Appositional Growth
1. Bone formation at the surface of the bone produces ridges that parallel a blood vessel. 2. The ridges enlarge and create a deep pocket 3. The ridges meet and fuse, trapping the vessel inside the bone. 4. Bone deposition proceeds inward toward the vessel, beginning the creation to increase in diameter. 5. Additional circumferential lamellar are deposited and the bone continues to increase in diameter. 6. The Osteon is complete with new central canal around the blood vessel. Second blood vessel becomes enclosed.

Anatomy (8 decks)

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