Chapter 5 - Psychopathology

Question 1

What are the 4 definitions psychopathology?

Answer 1

Statistical infrequency
Deviation from social norms
Deviation form ideal mental health
Failure to function adequately

Question 2

What is statistical infrequency?

Answer 2

Relying on numbers and stats to so who is considered normal or abnormal

An example is IQ and Intellectual disability disorder, a normal IQ is considered to be between 85-115, anything else would be likely to recieve an diagnosis.

Question 3

What is deviation from social norms?

Answer 3

Abnormality is spotted by different behaviout to a cultures social norms
There are very few universally abnormal behaviours

An example is antisocial personality disorder, this would be abnormal compared to the majority of social norms

Question 4

What is failure to function?

Answer 4

Failure to function is considered abnormal, this happens when a person is unable to look after themselves whether it is lack of personal space or hygiene

Rosnhan and Seligman said that someone i sfailing to function when they no longer conform to social satdnards, experience serve stress and become irrational or dangerous.

Question 5

What is deviation form ideal mental health?

Answer 5

Anything other than the ideal mental health is conidered abnormal

Jahoda suggested 7 ideas of tyhe ideal mental helathh

Question 6

What are Jahoda’s ideals for mental health?

Answer 6

• No symptoms or distress
  -rational and perceive ourselves accurately
• cope with stress
• self actualise
• good self esteem and lack guilt
  -independent
  -work, love and enjoy leisure successfully.

Question 7

What is the evaluation for statistical infrequency?

Answer 7

+ real life application - intellectual disability disorder
- unusal characteristics - high IQ could be considered positive
- Not everyone benefits form a label - people may live fulling livesa nd a label can have negative effects.

Question 8

What is the evaluation for devation form social norms?

Answer 8

• Not a sole explanation = has real-life application but doent factor in otehr considerations
  Cultrual relativism - social nors vary so idts difficult to determine where they are abnormal
• can lead to human rights abuses - used to control minority groups becasue they have been diagnosed as difefrent

Question 9

What is the evaluation for failure to function?

Answer 9

+ patients perspective = takes n subjective experiences to identify who needs assistance or not.
- Is it simply devation form social norms? = some people choose an alteranative lifestyle, thjis limits there personal freedom.
- subjective judgements = even though there are checklists, there is stil someone hwo has to judge

Question 10

What is the evaluation for deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 10

+ is it comprehensive definition? = yes so it covers a large range of mental health issues, making it a good tool to use
- cultrual realtivism = some classifictaion are culture bound so cannot be generlaised
- It stes high tsandarsd for mental helath = not everyone is able to chieve the critea, howver this does mean that patient are aware f what treatment to seek.

Question 11

What is a phobia?

Answer 11

a type of anxiety disorder that 5% of the UK experience
Its a astrong excessive fear o fsomething that poses no or little threat, and can be triggered by the stimulus itslef or a situation.

Question 12

What are the phobia DSM 5 categories ?

Answer 12

• specifci phobia = phobia of an object or situation
• social anxiety - a social phobia, not wanting to be in social situations.
• agoraphobia - phobia of going outside in public spaces

Question 13

What are the phobia behaviour characteristics ?

Answer 13

Panic - in the presence o fthe stimulus
Aviodnace - avioding a stituation or a astimulus, thsi amek daily life more difficult
Endurance - opposite of aviodnace, they continue to experience high evls of anxiety.

Question 14

What are phobias emotional characteristics?

Answer 14

Anxiety - can be long term and is part of emotional response
Fear - short term and is the immediate response
Emotion response are unreasonable - this is becasue they are diportportianate with the danger posed.

Question 15

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

Answer 15

Selective attention - difficult to look way from the stimulus
irrational beliefs - increases the pressure on the sufferer
cognitive distortions - perception of phobic stimulus may be distorted.

Question 16

What is Mowrer’s 2 process model?

Answer 16

states that behaviours are lerant through classical conditioning and maianbtained by operant conditioning.Maintain happens because when we try to aviod the phobic stmulus we escape the anxiety and that referces the neagtive behaviour

Question 17

What is the little Albert study?

Answer 17

Watsona nd Rayner condition little Albert to fear white rights by using a loud noise so he associates the nopise with the rats

Question 18

What are the 2 behavioural appraochs for treating phobias?

Answer 18

Systematic desensitisation and flooding

Question 19

What is systematic desensitation?

Answer 19

Conditioning suffers to feel relaxed in the presence of the stimulus becasue its impossible to be afariad and relaxed at the same time.
There are 3 processes : anxiety heirarchy - this is where apaitents place event that involve the tsimulus on a heierarchy of the most fear to the least. , relaxation - teach relaxtion techniques such as medetatioona nd breathing techniques iccansionally meds, exposure- the patient is exposed to each event on the heierachy unti8l the have learnt a new response to the tsimulus.

Question 20

What is flooding?

Answer 20

immediate exposure to a stimulus without the anxiety build up, they last about 3 hours but only usually require one session
It works by using extiction, this is where the patient is unable to aviod the stimulus so they face it and learn to condition a response that is no longer fear

Question 21

what is the evaluation for systematic desensitisation?

Answer 21

is it effective = Gilroy et al used a control groip to compared those that were taught relaxationa nd those who hadn’t they wree then exposed to the stimulus and they found that the conditioned group was the least fearful after 33 months
+ helps a dievrse range of pateients = this can be individualisaed to the pateints
acceptable for patients = less daunting than flooding so less refusal rates.

Question 22

what is the evaluation for flooding?

Answer 22

+ cost effective = flooding requires less time than other treatments and is oftern only one session, this is more cost effective nad menas that pateients are relived of phobias sooner.
- less effective for some phobias = such as social phobias
- traumatic = this is very traumatic for pateints and this myu lead to the pateint not following through with the treatment.

Question 23

What is depression?

Answer 23

A mental hewalth disorder that is charcterised by low moods and energy levels.

Question 24

what are the DSM 5 categories?

Answer 24

Major depressive disorder = severe but often short term depression
persistent depressive disorder = long term or recunt depression
disruptive mood dsregulation disorder = chiuldhood temper tantrums
prementstrual dysphoric disorder = disruption to mood prior or during menstruation.

Question 25

What symptoms need to be shown for major depressive disorder?

Answer 25

- depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure and 5 or more: - %5 weight loss or gain - insomnia or hypersomnia -loss of energy -negative thoughts and feeling of worthlessness -difficultly concentrating -recurrent thoughts of death

Question 26

What are the behavioural chaarcteristics of depression?

Answer 26

activity levels = redrawing from social life or cannot get out of bed disruption to sleep and eating behaviour = may experience hypersomnia or insomnia or weight loss or gain aggression and self-harm = often irritable and can become aggresive

Question 27

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

Answer 27

lowered mood = more sad and feeling worthless or empty anger = frequent aggresion towards other or oneself lowered se4lf-esteem = can be extrem or self-loathing

Question 28

What are the cognitiove characteristics?

Answer 28

poor concentraion = hard to make descions tahta re normally easy attending to and dwelling on the negative = ignore positive and recall unhappy envents absolutist thinking = black and white thinkinyh, good or disaster

Question 29

What are the 2 cognitive approach's for explain depression?

Answer 29

Beck's cognitive theory = suggets that the wya that some of us think makes us more vunreable to depression 3 parts: Faulty information processing = thinking in black and white and blowing small problems out of proportion negative self-schemeas = menas that what information we interpret about our self is engative negative triad = person develops a dsyfunctional view of themselves for 3 types of negative thinking: negative view of the world,future and selfha

Question 30

What is the evaluation for beck's coghnitive theory?

Answer 30

+ supporting eveidence = Grazioli and Terry studied 65 pregenat women and found that thosew with higher cognitive vunrablity were more liekly to develop post-natal depression + CBT pratical appliac6ion = used to make a successful therapy - doest acciount for all of the aspects of depression = depression is complex and the theory doesnt cover exterem emotion or sotard syndromeW

Question 31

What is Ellis ABC theory?

Answer 31

irrational thoughts are thought to intfer with us being happy which causinbg depression A - activating vent = ellis suggested that situations taht are triggered by external events lead to irrational beliefs B - beliefs = belive in things liek everythinmg is menat to be fair(utopism) C - consequences = when an event triggers irrationa beliefs tehre are emotional consequences.

Question 32

What is the evaluation for Ellis ABC?

Answer 32

+/- partical explanation = explains conditions such as reactive depression but not other types + practical application = leads to successful therapy which reinforces the basic theory - doesnt exaplins not explain all aspects = such as the nager and hallucinations