chapter 5 (pt. 2)

Question 1

electron shells

Answer 1

quantum mechanics, Coulomb force, binding energy, permitted orbit, energy level, ground state, quantum leap (transition), excited atom

Question 2

spectra line

Answer 2

filtergram

Question 3

solar activity

Answer 3

corona, chromosphere, photosphere, solar wind, granulation, filament, spicule, convective zone, dynamo effect, helioseismology, magnetic carpet, differential rotation, Babcock model

Question 4

subatomic particle

Answer 4

portion of an atom

Question 5

proton

Answer 5

atomic particle in nucleus, positive charge, as a single hydrogen (H)

Question 6

neutron

Answer 6

atomic particle in nucleus, no charge, similar mass to proton

Question 7

electron

Answer 7

atomic particle making cloud surrounding nucleus, negative charge, low mass

Question 8

nucleus

Answer 8

massive central core of atom

Question 9

molecule

Answer 9

two or more atoms bonded together

atom that lost/gained electron(s) is an ion, the process of ionization

Question 10

isotopes

Answer 10

all the same element but with different number of neutrons

Question 11

heat

Answer 11

stored energy in matter (agitation among particles, thermal energy) flow from high to low

Question 12

temperature

Answer 12

measure of the agitation among particles

Question 13

Celsius scale (ºC)

Answer 13

international system for temperature measurement, relative to water freezing and melting points

Question 14

Kelvin temperature scale (ºK)

Answer 14

temperature scale starting at absolute zero (-273ºC) 1ºK = 1ºC

Question 15

absolute zero

Answer 15

theoretical lowest possible temperature, material contains no extractable energy
energy transport by conduction (touching), radiation (radiant energy), and convection (change location)

Question 16

blackbody radiation

Answer 16

emission (temperature) by a hypothetical perfect radiator, continuous spectrum

Question 17

wavelength of maximum intensity

Answer 17

wavelength at which perfect radiator emits maximum energy

Question 18

Wein’s law

Answer 18

hotter an object, shorter the wavelength

inversely proportional to its temperature (emit more photons that have shorter [bluer] wavelengths)

Question 19

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Answer 19

hotter objects emit more energy than cooler of the same size, in proportion to the fourth power of temperature

Question 20

Doppler effect

Answer 20

reveals object motion, change in wavelength of a source (sound [pitch change] or light)
compressed light waves (traveling toward observer) are bluer or blueshift, away are longer or redshift
greater the shift the greater the speed or radial velocity, component of an objects velocity

Question 21

Sun

Answer 21

great ball of hot high pressure gas producing energy (radiation and heat) in core by nuclear fusion mass is 333000 times Earth’s, giving a density only a bit denser than water
1AU - 150 million km from Earth

Question 22

transit of Venus

Answer 22

when planet (Venus) seen as a dot between Earth and the Sun crossing its face

Question 23

quanta

Answer 23

the amount of binding energy, study of particle behaviour and laws is quantum mechanics electron held in electron shell around nucleus by Coulomb force am electrostatic force

Question 24

energy levels

Answer 24

modeled as permitted orbits
like rungs on a ladder (larger nucleus, larger ladder)
-ground state electron in lowest energy level (orbit)
-jump of one orbit to another called quantum leap or transition changes the energy stored in the atom

Question 25

Kirchhoff's laws

Answer 25

describe three types of spectra 1. continuous spectrum (rainbow of colour): solid, liquid, or gas excited to emit light at all wavelengths hot incandescent light bulb element emits blackbody radiation, the continuous (full) spectrum 2. emission spectrum (bright-line spectra): photons emitted by low density gas at specific wavelengths 3. absorption spectrum (dark-line spectra): light pass through cool low-density gas, absorbing photon

Question 26

spectral line

Answer 26

line at specific wavelength, product of energy emission or absorption of atom

Question 27

absorption line

Answer 27

lines missing from certain wavelengths of the spectra, missing wavelength

Question 28

solar wind

Answer 28

breeze of material, extend corona moving past Earth at 300 to 800 km/s (up to 1000 km/s) losing minor amount of mass (10-14 of a solar mass per year) 107 tons/s

Question 29

corona (Greek 'crown')

Answer 29

outermost part of Sun's atmosphere record to 20 solar radii reveal that sunspots linked to features in corona and chromosphere not much light because very low density, 10^6 atoms/cm^3 near sun 500000 K, outermost 2000000 K

Question 30

chromosphere

Answer 30

irregular layer, average depth less than Earth's diameter | at Solar eclipse see with unaided eye, flashes as a thin layer of pink

Question 31

photosphere

Answer 31

bright visible surface, source of Earth's sunlight, less than 500 km deep Sun 'surface' (gas, not an actual surface)

Question 32

granulation

Answer 32

bright regions of convection that cool and sink at darker edges, granulates the size of Alberta (doppler effect to measure rising and falling), each lasts about 10 to 20 minutes before fading away

Question 33

filtergram

Answer 33

photograph made using light in one of the dark absorption lines to isolate Solar layer detail Balmer line filtergram reveals filaments - long dark like solar eruption and spicules

Question 34

spicules

Answer 34

(5-15min) flame-like jet from supergranule edge (are cooler gas from lower chromosphere)

Question 35

convective zone

Answer 35

moving material bringing photons to the surface from deep under photosphere

Question 36

dynamo effect

Answer 36

rotating conductor, stirred by convection, convert some energy to magnetic flow out similar process in molten iron of Earth's core

Question 37

helioseismology

Answer 37

interior motion makes vibrations, +/- 15 km on the surface, measured by Doppler shift period of vibration 5 min (3-20 min. possible) gives temperature, density, rate of rotation of interior Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) a worldwide network to study 'sunquakes'

Question 38

magnetic carpet

Answer 38

network of small magnetic loops covering Sun surface from below photosphere

Question 39

differential rotation

Answer 39

rotation period differs, equator 25 days, 45º latitude 28 days (Jovian & galaxy)

Question 40

Babcock model

Answer 40

a progressive tangling and untangling of magnetic fields as gas moves at different rates

Question 41

sunspots

Answer 41

darker region, less light (Wein law), redder than average = cooler (Stefan-Boltzmann law) linked to cyclical strengthen and weaken of Sun's magnetic field, intense magnetic fields appear in bipolar (north-south) magnetic pairs like bar magnet

Question 42

prominence

Answer 42

ionized gas from photosphere into lower corona, pink color

Question 43

flare

Answer 43

where opposite fields meet (a reconnection) and cancel out, may last minutes to an hour

Question 44

coronal mass ejection (CME)

Answer 44

large amounts of ionized gas blown out by reconnection

Question 45

aurora

Answer 45

northern and southern lights from electrical currents in Earth's magnetic field up to million megawatts follow down to poles excite atoms that emit photons about 130km above Earth's surface