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Fire Department Incident Safety Officer COPY > Chapter 5 Reading Buildings > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Reading Buildings Flashcards

1
Q

Define Axial Load

A

A load that is imposed through the centroid of tanother object

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2
Q

Define Balloon framing

A

A construction method in which continuous wood studs run from the foundation to the roof, and floors are placed on a shelf-called a ribbon board-that hangs on the interior surface of the studs

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3
Q

In balloon framing what does the floor rest on

A

ribbon board hanging on the interior surface of the studs

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4
Q

Define beam

A

A structural element that transfers loads perpendicularly to the imposed load

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5
Q

Define Brittle

A

Description for a material that will fracture or fail as it is deformed or stressed past its design limits

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6
Q

Define Cantilever Beam

A

A beam supported at only one end, or a beam that extends well past a support in such a way that the unsupported overhang places the top of th ebeam in tension and the bottom in compression

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7
Q

Define Collapse zone

A

The area that is exposed to trauma, debris, and /or thrust should a building or part of a building collapse. It is a more specific form of a no-entry zone

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8
Q

Define Column

A

A structural element that transmits a compressive force axially through its center

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9
Q

Define Compression

A

A force that causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material

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10
Q

Define Connection

A

A structural element used to attach other structural elements to one another

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11
Q

Define continuous beam

A

A beam that is supported in three or more places

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12
Q

Define Curtain wall

A

A non-loading-bearing wall that supports only itself and is used just to keep weather out

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13
Q

Define Dead Load

A

The weight of the building itself and anything permanently attached to it

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14
Q

Define Ductile

A

Description for a material that will bend, deflect, or stretch as a force is resisted, yet retain some strength

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15
Q

Define Eccentric load

A

A load that is imposed off-center to anther object

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16
Q

Define Emergency abandonment

A

A strict order for all crews to immediately escape from a building interior or roof, leaving hose lines and tools that can impede rapid retreat behind

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17
Q

Define Engineered wood

A

A host of products that consist of many pieces of native wood (chips, veneers, and sawdust) glued together to make a sheet, a long beam, or a strong column

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18
Q

Define false work

A

Temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork, used to support incomplete structural elements during building construction

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19
Q

Define General Collapse

A

The complete failure of a building to resist gravity

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20
Q

Define Girder

A

A beam that carries other beams

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21
Q

Define Hybrid building

A

A building that is a mix of multiple NFPA 220 types or that does not fit into any of the five types

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22
Q

Define a lintel

A

A beam that spans an opening in a load-bearing masonry wall, such as over a garage door opening (often called a “header” in street slang)

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23
Q

Define Live load

A

Any force or weight, other than the building itself, that a building must carry or absorb

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24
Q

Define a partial collapse

A

An event in which the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength (such as curtain wall collapse)

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25
Q

Define platform framing

A

A construction method in which a single-story wall is built and the next floor is built on the tops of the wall studs, creating vertical fire-stopping to help minimize fire spread

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26
Q

Define Precautionary Withdrawal

A

A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in an orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along

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27
Q

Define Raker

A

A diagonal brace that serves primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well

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28
Q

Define Shear

A

A force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material

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29
Q

Define spalling

A

The crumbling and loss of a concrete material when exposed to heat

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30
Q

Define spreader

A

A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building

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31
Q

Define tension

A

A force that causes a material to be stretched or pulled apart in line with the material

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32
Q

Define truss

A

A series of triangles used to from an open-web structural element to act as a beam

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33
Q

Define veneer wall

A

A decorative wall finish that supports only its own weight

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34
Q

What is the starting point for predicting collapse potential at a structure fire

A

various methods used to classify a building, building classifications

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35
Q

In building terms stressful elements create….What?

A

Loads

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36
Q

5 ways loads are delivered

A

Concentrated, distributed, static, suspended, or impact

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37
Q

What is stress and strain imposed on building materials

A

Force

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38
Q

What is imposed on building materials

A

Loads

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39
Q

3 types of forces

A

compression, tension, shear

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40
Q

What material characteristics affect response to force

A

Type, shape, orientation, mass

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41
Q

What directly affects a materials fire resistance

A

mass, or surface to mass ratio

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42
Q

Mass = ______________

Heat resistance = _________________

A

heat resistance, time

43
Q

What type of material breaks before it bends

A

brittle

44
Q

What type of material bends before it breaks

A

ductile

45
Q

Two types of wood burning characteristics

A

native wood, engineered wood

46
Q

What happens to rough cut native wood when exposed to flame?

A

surface char, slows burn rate

47
Q

What happens to planed smooth finished native wood when exposed to flame

A

alligator check, speeding burn rate

48
Q

At what temp does cold drawn steel lose 55% of its strength?

A

800 degrees

49
Q

At what temp does extruded structural steel lose 50% of its strenght?

A

1100 degrees

50
Q

At 1100 degrees, how much does a beam expand by?

A

10 inches

51
Q

What is the strength of cement mostly dependent on?

A

Ratio of water to portland cement

52
Q

When heated what causes concrete to expand and spall?

A

Moisture

53
Q

What does a masonry wall rely on to keep it strong?

A

Axially imposed force

54
Q

What causes cracks in the binding mortar in masonry walls

A

heating causes different heat stresses between the blocks and mortar

55
Q

Slang term for lightweight wooden i-beams and what are they composed of?

A

I-joists, laminated veneer lumber, oriented strand board

56
Q

Stud wall is a form of what?

A

Wall column

57
Q

What dictates the amount of load a beam can carry or distance it can span?

A

The distance between the top of the beam and the bottom of the beam

58
Q

Another name for chord on an I-beam

A

flange

59
Q

Material between chords or flanges in beams

A

Web or stem

60
Q

Define simple beam

A

a beam that is supported at the two points near its ends

61
Q

Define Joist

A

A wood framing member used to support floors or roof sheeting

62
Q

Define Purlin

A

A series of beams placed perpendicularly to other trusses or beams to help support roof decking

63
Q

What does conventional construction consist of?

A

Solid wood or steel beams in the floors and roof

64
Q

What does truss construction consist of?

A

open-webbed beams

65
Q

What is the peak sometimes called?

A

Ridge board

66
Q

A vaulted ceiling is missing what member?

A

Ceiling joists

67
Q

What does a scissor-truss consist of?

A

Pitches in the bottom chord

68
Q

3 types of trusses

A

Triangular, parallel chord truss, arched truss

69
Q

What is a parallel chord truss?

A

Both top and bottom chord run in the same plane. Creating a flat roof or floor

70
Q

Which truss does only the top chord attach to support?

A

Parallel chord truss

71
Q

Most common type of truss?

A

Triangle truss

72
Q

Two types of arched truss

A

Rigid frame, bow string

73
Q

What are the 3 general types of connections

A

Pinned, rigid, gravity

74
Q

What are types of pinned connections?

A

Bolts, screws, nails, rivets

75
Q

What are types of rigid connections?

A

embedded rebar, beaded welds, and adhesives

76
Q

What is a masonry wall pocket for a beam to sit in?

A

Let

77
Q

What is a series of post columns and beams used to hold up a building?

A

Skeletal frame or post and beam

78
Q

Building with internal load-bearing wall columns and an attached post and beam frame

A

Center-core

79
Q

Building with the beams resting solely on the exterior walls are called

A

Wall-bearing

80
Q

What building type has exterior walls that do not bear any weight but their own?

A

Center-core

81
Q

Define Lamella arch or Summerbell roof

A

An arched roof that uses a weave of octagon, triangle, or diamond-petterned roof beams to form the arch

82
Q

What are the four construction influences that help the fire officer classify the building?

A

Type, era, use , size

83
Q

What are the 5 building types listed in NFPA 220

A 
Type 1/fire resistive. 
Type 2/noncombustible
Type 3/ordinary
Type 4/Heavy timber
Type 5/wood frame
84
Q

Type 2 buildings are more often than not made of what

A

Steel

85
Q

What do firefighters call ordinary/type 3 construction?

A

Taxpayers

86
Q

What do firefighters call type 4 heavy timber construction?

A

Mill construction

87
Q

What does the fire cut do in heavy timber construction?

A

Release the floor from load bearing walls

88
Q

In what construction does a wall become an unstable cantilevered beam after the floor and roof fall away?

A

Type 4 heavy timber

89
Q

ICF stands for in building construction?

A

Insulated concrete forming

90
Q

Which ICF is of most concern to firefighters?

A

Grid block ICF

91
Q

The four building eras

A

Founder era - 1700s to WW1
Industrial era - WW1-WW2
Legacy era - WW2 to roughly 1980s
Lightweight era - 1980s to present

92
Q

What is an example of Industrial era framing?

A

Balloon framing

93
Q

What is an example of Legacy era framing?

A

Platform framing

94
Q

What era did drywall replace lath and plaster and plywood replace wood slats on roofs?

A

Legacy Era

95
Q

What era saw a gradual transformation away form conventional construction and trusses used more frequently

A

Legacy era

96
Q

What changed in 1980s with building codes?

A

Prescriptive codes transformed into performance codes

97
Q

What are the elements of building size?

A

Footprint - single floor square footage
Interior arrangement - volume of space for any one room
number of floors
distance that must be traveled to reach a fire or victims

98
Q

What is the building classification approach that an ISO should use?

A

type/era/use/size

99
Q

5 step process to predict collapse

A

Classify, determine structural involvement, visualize and trace loads, evaluated time, predict and communicate collapse potential

100
Q

What color smoke is released when untreated wood is rapidly heated

A

brownish smoke, a collapse warning sign in lightweight wood construction

101
Q

What are the 9 historical weak links in building construction?

A

Connections, overloading, occupancy conversions, trusses, void spaces, stairs, large open interior spaces, parapet walls, facades

102
Q

According to Niosh alert when should firefighters be evacuated from above or below truss systems?

A

As soon as the truss is exposed to fire, not according to a time limit

103
Q

What are the three communications that an ISO can use to communicate collapse potential

A

Emergency abandonment, Precautionary withdrawal, Planning awareness

Fire Department Incident Safety Officer COPY (8 decks)

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