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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized cells that convert (sensory transduction) specific stimuli into neural impulses.

A

Sensory receptor cells

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2
Q

Sensory system that controls smell

A

Olfactory

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3
Q

Sensory system that controls touch, heat, and pain.

A

Somatosensory

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4
Q

Sensory system that controls taste.

A

Gustatory

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5
Q

Sensory system that controls hearing

A

Auditory

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6
Q

Sensory system that controls sight.

A

Visual

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7
Q

The act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli.

A

Sensation

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8
Q

The transformation of physical energy into electrical signals.

A

Transduction

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9
Q

The study of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states.

A

Psychophysics

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10
Q

The smallest amount of stimulus that one can detect.

A

Absolute threshold.

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11
Q

Technique used to determine the ability to separate true signals from background noise.

A

Signal detection analysis.

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12
Q

True ability to detect the presence or absence of a signal.

A

Sensitivity

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13
Q

Behavioral response to respond “yes”.

A

Response bias.

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14
Q

The minimal difference or change between 2 stimuli necessary for the detection of a difference between the 2.

A

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference.

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15
Q

Just noticeable difference is constant proportion of original intensity.

A

Weber’s law.

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16
Q

The conscious recognition and identification of a sensory stimulus.

A

Perception

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17
Q

Occurs when we sense basic features of stimuli and then integrate them. Happens from the outside-in. Sensory information from the environment drives the process of understanding. It is unconscious and hard to resist.

A

Bottom-Up processing.

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18
Q

Occurs when previous experience and expectations are first used to recognize stimuli. Happens from the inside-out. Knowledge and expectancy drives the process of understanding. It is conscious and takes effort.

A

Top-Down processing.

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19
Q

A process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response.

Ex. The tag on your shirt was bothering you this morning, but you do not

Smell is particularly adaptive

A

Sensory adaptation

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20
Q

Failure to notice something obvious because you were focused on something else.

Gorilla basketball video.

Simons and Chabris (1999)

A

Inattentional blindness

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21
Q

Humans audible range of sound

A

20-20000Hz

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22
Q

Frequency is associated with the sounds…..

A

Pitch

High frequency= high pitched
Low frequency = low pitched

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23
Q

Loudness is associated with the sounds….

A

Amplitude

Higher amplitude = louder
Lower amplitude= quieter

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24
Q

Threshold for pain

(Sounds Waves)

A

130db

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25
Q

A sounds purity. Is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing.

A

Timbre

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26
Q

Electromagnetic radiation produces light which is made up of particles called…

A

Photons

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27
Q

The transparent covering over the eye that focuses light.

A

Cornea.

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28
Q

Frequency is associated with a sound’s….

A

Pitch.

High frequency = high pitched
Low frequency= low pitched

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29
Q

Humans’ audible range of sound is…

A

20-20000Hz

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30
Q

Loudness is associated with a sound’s…

A

Amplitude.

Higher amplitude = louder
Lower amplitude = quieter

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31
Q

Threshold for pain is

(Sounds Waves)

A

130dB

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32
Q

A sounds purity. Is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing.

A

Timbre

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33
Q

Electromagnetic radiation produces light which is made up of particles called….

A

Photons.

34
Q

Different wavelengths appear to us as….

A

Different colours.

35
Q

Vision: Anatomy

The transparent covering over the eye that focuses light.

A

Cornea

36
Q

Vision: Anatomy

The opening in the eye in which light passes through.

A

Pupil.

Varies based on light levels and arousal.
Dialted= bigger
Constricted= smaller

37
Q

Vision: Anatomy

The coloured portion of the eye, a muscle that controls pupil size.

A

Iris.

38
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Curved, transparent and provides additional focus.

  • Attached to muscles
  • Focus on light from far objects
A

Lens

Accomodation: change in curvature of lens to focus light on retina, specifically the fovea.

39
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Indentation in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors.

A

Fovea

40
Q

Vision: Anatomy

The light sensitive lining of the eye; a sheet of nerve cells containing receptors for vision.

A

Retina

The Retina/Fovea contains all receptor cells (rods and cones)

41
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Photoreceptor cells used for central and colour vision.

The fovea is all of this

A

Cones

Light detecting cells, acute detail, and spatial resolution.

42
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Photoreceptor cells used for periphery and night vision.

There are many more of these than their counterpart.

A

Rods.

  • More rods than cones
  • More responsive to dark and light
43
Q

True or False: Cones and rods project to interneurons, which communicate with ganglion cells in the retina.

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Ganglion cells send visual input to the brain via the optic nerve

The optic nerve carries visual information to the brain.

A

True

45
Q

Is vision still susceptible to sensory adaptation?

A

Yes.

Ex. When you first walk into a dark room and cannot see but your eyes adapt.

46
Q

Vision: Anatomy

The point where the optic nerve from each eye met. An X shaped structure.

A

Optic chiasm

47
Q

Vision: Anatomy

A cluster of neurons in the thalamus

The thalamus is the senosry relay center.

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

48
Q

Visual information is processed in…

A

Parallel pathways.

-What pathway
-Where/How pathway

49
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Pathway: Occipital to Temporal

A

What pathway

50
Q

Vision: Anatomy

Pathway: Occipital to Parietal.

A

Where/How pathway.

51
Q

Caused by damage to the temporal region that houses the “What” pathway. Cannot recognize objects visually.

A

Visual agnosia

Prosopagnosia is specific to not recognizing faces.

52
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

Theory that suggests we have 3 different receptors for colour, each responding to different wavelengths of light. (blue, red, green.)

-Not likely as we can see many more than 3 colours.

A

Trichromatic theory.

53
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

Theory that suggests colour pairs work to inhibit one another.

Green-red; blue-yellow; and black-white cannot be mixed
-One dyad is excited and the other is inhibited

A

Opponent process theory

54
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

The continuation of sensation once stimuli is removed.

A

Afterimage.

55
Q

Vision: Depth Perception

Perception of spatial relations in 3-D space.

Front, behind, below, above, beside.

A

Depth perception

56
Q

Vision: Depth Perception

Cues that rely on both eyes.

A

Binocular cues

57
Q

Vision: Depth Perception

Cues that rely on one eye.

A

Monocular cues

  • Position, Relative Size, Linear perspective, Light and shadow, Interpositon, Aerial perspective.
58
Q

Hearing

Theory: different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials. High frequency sounds produce more rapid firing (phase lock)

A

Temporal Theory

59
Q

Hearing

Theory: different frequencies activate different regions of the basilar membrane. The brain equates the place activity occurred on the basilar membrane with a particular frequency (place coding).

A

Place Theory.

60
Q

Sound Localization

Sound’s source relative to body position

A

Monaural

(one eared)

61
Q

Sound Localization

Relies on a horizontal axis by delivering different patterns of vibration between the ear drums in each ear.

A

Binaural

(two eared)

62
Q

Hearing Loss

Being born without hearing.

A

Congenital deafness

63
Q

Hearing Loss

Problem delivering sound to cochlea.

-Failure of vibration from eardrum or ossicles
-Wax buildup, infection, ear drum damage, or water
-Temporary or permanent
-Treated with hearing aid

A

Conductive hearing loss.

64
Q

Hearing Loss

Transmission failure from cochlea to brain.

(Most common hearing loss)

-Aging, trauma, infection/disease, medication, noise exposure

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

65
Q

Hearing Loss

The degeneration of inner ear structures

A

Meniere’s disease

66
Q

The Chemical Senses

What are the 5 taste receptors?
(possible 6th one)

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Bitter
  4. Salt
  5. Umami- taste of glutamate (MSG)
  6. Fatty?
67
Q

The Chemical Senses: Taste

What we call ‘taste’ is actually flavour, and it is a combination of….

A

Taste and smell

68
Q

The Chemical Senses: Taste

Bumps that cover the surface of the tongue.

A

Papillae

69
Q

The Chemical Senses: Taste

Clusters of sensory receptor cells (in the papillae) that bind the food molecules that dissolve in our saliva and turn this information into a neural impulse. (transduction)

A

Taste bud

  • Each one contains 60-100 sensory receptor cells for taste
  • Life cycle = 10-14 days
70
Q

The Chemical Senses: Smell

Airborne chemicals that are detected as odours.

A

Odorants

71
Q

The Chemical Senses: Smell

The receptor cells bind odorant molecules into a neural impulse (transduction) and send that impulse to the brain.

A

Olfactory receptor neurons

72
Q

The Chemical Senses

Which is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus?

A

Smell

73
Q

The Chemical Senses: Smell

Chemical messages- often used to signal

A

Pheromones

74
Q

The Chemical Senses

inability to taste

A

Ageusia

dysgeusia (phantom averse) is most common

75
Q

The Chemical Senses

Inability to smell, can still taste but not ‘flavours’

A

Anosmia

76
Q

Pain Perception

type of Pain signalling tissue damage

A

Inflammatory pain

77
Q

Pain Perception

type of pain that sends exaggerated signal of damage to neurons in PNS or CNS

A

Neuropathic pain

Treatment includes: relaxation, analgesic meds, deep brain stimulation

78
Q

The ability to maintain balance and body posture. Located in the semicircular canals of our inner ears. The movement of fluid in these canals tells us if we are standing up or swaying from side to side.

A

Vestibular

79
Q

Perception of body position.

Interacts with information in the vestibular system

A

Proprioception

80
Q

Perception of body movement in space

Interacts with information in the vestibular system.

A

Kinaesthesia

Psychology 1000 (4 decks)

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