Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Specialized cells that convert (sensory transduction) specific stimuli into neural impulses.

Answer 1

Sensory receptor cells

Question 2

Sensory system that controls smell

Answer 2

Olfactory

Question 3

Sensory system that controls touch, heat, and pain.

Answer 3

Somatosensory

Question 4

Sensory system that controls taste.

Answer 4

Gustatory

Question 5

Sensory system that controls hearing

Answer 5

Auditory

Question 6

Sensory system that controls sight.

Answer 6

Visual

Question 7

The act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli.

Answer 7

Sensation

Question 8

The transformation of physical energy into electrical signals.

Answer 8

Transduction

Question 9

The study of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states.

Answer 9

Psychophysics

Question 10

The smallest amount of stimulus that one can detect.

Answer 10

Absolute threshold.

Question 11

Technique used to determine the ability to separate true signals from background noise.

Answer 11

Signal detection analysis.

Question 12

True ability to detect the presence or absence of a signal.

Answer 12

Sensitivity

Question 13

Behavioral response to respond “yes”.

Answer 13

Response bias.

Question 14

The minimal difference or change between 2 stimuli necessary for the detection of a difference between the 2.

Answer 14

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference.

Question 15

Just noticeable difference is constant proportion of original intensity.

Answer 15

Weber’s law.

Question 16

The conscious recognition and identification of a sensory stimulus.

Answer 16

Perception

Question 17

Occurs when we sense basic features of stimuli and then integrate them. Happens from the outside-in. Sensory information from the environment drives the process of understanding. It is unconscious and hard to resist.

Answer 17

Bottom-Up processing.

Question 18

Occurs when previous experience and expectations are first used to recognize stimuli. Happens from the inside-out. Knowledge and expectancy drives the process of understanding. It is conscious and takes effort.

Answer 18

Top-Down processing.

Question 19

A process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response.

Ex. The tag on your shirt was bothering you this morning, but you do not

Smell is particularly adaptive

Answer 19

Sensory adaptation

Question 20

Failure to notice something obvious because you were focused on something else.

Gorilla basketball video.

Simons and Chabris (1999)

Answer 20

Inattentional blindness

Question 21

Humans audible range of sound

Answer 21

20-20000Hz

Question 22

Frequency is associated with the sounds…..

Answer 22

Pitch

High frequency= high pitched
Low frequency = low pitched

Question 23

Loudness is associated with the sounds….

Answer 23

Amplitude

Higher amplitude = louder
Lower amplitude= quieter

Question 24

Threshold for pain

(Sounds Waves)

Answer 24

130db

Question 25

A sounds purity. Is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing.

Answer 25

Timbre

Question 26

Electromagnetic radiation produces light which is made up of particles called...

Answer 26

Photons

Question 27

The transparent covering over the eye that focuses light.

Answer 27

Cornea.

Question 28

Frequency is associated with a sound's....

Answer 28

Pitch. | High frequency = high pitched Low frequency= low pitched

Question 29

Humans' audible range of sound is...

Answer 29

20-20000Hz

Question 30

Loudness is associated with a sound's...

Answer 30

Amplitude. | Higher amplitude = louder Lower amplitude = quieter

Question 31

Threshold for pain is | (Sounds Waves)

Answer 31

130dB

Question 32

A sounds purity. Is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing.

Answer 32

Timbre

Question 33

Electromagnetic radiation produces light which is made up of particles called....

Answer 33

Photons.

Question 34

Different wavelengths appear to us as....

Answer 34

Different colours.

Question 35

# Vision: Anatomy The transparent covering over the eye that focuses light.

Answer 35

Cornea

Question 36

# Vision: Anatomy The opening in the eye in which light passes through.

Answer 36

Pupil. ## Footnote Varies based on light levels and arousal. Dialted= bigger Constricted= smaller

Question 37

# Vision: Anatomy The coloured portion of the eye, a muscle that controls pupil size.

Answer 37

Iris.

Question 38

# Vision: Anatomy Curved, transparent and provides additional focus. ## Footnote - Attached to muscles - Focus on light from far objects

Answer 38

Lens ## Footnote Accomodation: change in curvature of lens to focus light on retina, specifically the fovea.

Question 39

# Vision: Anatomy Indentation in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors.

Answer 39

Fovea

Question 40

# Vision: Anatomy The light sensitive lining of the eye; a sheet of nerve cells containing receptors for vision.

Answer 40

Retina ## Footnote The Retina/Fovea contains all receptor cells (rods and cones)

Question 41

# Vision: Anatomy Photoreceptor cells used for central and colour vision. | The fovea is all of this

Answer 41

Cones ## Footnote Light detecting cells, acute detail, and spatial resolution.

Question 42

# Vision: Anatomy Photoreceptor cells used for periphery and night vision. | There are many more of these than their counterpart.

Answer 42

Rods. ## Footnote - More rods than cones - More responsive to dark and light

Question 43

True or False: Cones and rods project to interneurons, which communicate with ganglion cells in the retina.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: Ganglion cells send visual input to the brain via the **optic nerve** | The optic nerve carries visual information to the brain.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Is vision still susceptible to sensory adaptation?

Answer 45

Yes. ## Footnote Ex. When you first walk into a dark room and cannot see but your eyes adapt.

Question 46

# Vision: Anatomy The point where the optic nerve from each eye met. An X shaped structure.

Answer 46

Optic chiasm

Question 47

# Vision: Anatomy A cluster of neurons in the thalamus ## Footnote The thalamus is the senosry relay center.

Answer 47

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 48

Visual information is processed in...

Answer 48

Parallel pathways. ## Footnote -What pathway -Where/How pathway

Question 49

# Vision: Anatomy Pathway: Occipital to Temporal

Answer 49

What pathway

Question 50

# Vision: Anatomy Pathway: Occipital to Parietal.

Answer 50

Where/How pathway.

Question 51

Caused by damage to the temporal region that houses the "What" pathway. Cannot recognize objects visually.

Answer 51

Visual agnosia ## Footnote **Prosopagnosia** is specific to not recognizing faces.

Question 52

# Vision: Colour Perception Theory that suggests we have 3 different receptors for colour, each responding to different wavelengths of light. (blue, red, green.) ## Footnote -Not likely as we can see many more than 3 colours.

Answer 52

Trichromatic theory.

Question 53

# Vision: Colour Perception Theory that suggests colour pairs work to inhibit one another. ## Footnote Green-red; blue-yellow; and black-white cannot be mixed -One dyad is excited and the other is inhibited

Answer 53

Opponent process theory

Question 54

# Vision: Colour Perception The continuation of sensation once stimuli is removed.

Answer 54

Afterimage.

Question 55

# Vision: Depth Perception Perception of spatial relations in 3-D space. | Front, behind, below, above, beside.

Answer 55

Depth perception

Question 56

# Vision: Depth Perception Cues that rely on both eyes.

Answer 56

Binocular cues

Question 57

# Vision: Depth Perception Cues that rely on one eye.

Answer 57

Monocular cues ## Footnote - Position, Relative Size, Linear perspective, Light and shadow, Interpositon, Aerial perspective.

Question 58

# Hearing Theory: different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials. High frequency sounds produce more rapid firing (phase lock)

Answer 58

Temporal Theory

Question 59

# Hearing Theory: different frequencies activate different regions of the basilar membrane. The brain equates the place activity occurred on the basilar membrane with a particular frequency (place coding).

Answer 59

Place Theory.

Question 60

# Sound Localization Sound's source relative to body position

Answer 60

Monaural | (one eared)

Question 61

# Sound Localization Relies on a horizontal axis by delivering different patterns of vibration between the ear drums in each ear.

Answer 61

Binaural | (two eared)

Question 62

# Hearing Loss Being born without hearing.

Answer 62

Congenital deafness

Question 63

# Hearing Loss Problem delivering sound to cochlea. ## Footnote -Failure of vibration from eardrum or ossicles -Wax buildup, infection, ear drum damage, or water -Temporary or permanent -Treated with hearing aid

Answer 63

Conductive hearing loss.

Question 64

# Hearing Loss Transmission failure from cochlea to brain. | (Most common hearing loss) ## Footnote -Aging, trauma, infection/disease, medication, noise exposure

Answer 64

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 65

# Hearing Loss The degeneration of inner ear structures

Answer 65

Meniere's disease

Question 66

# The Chemical Senses What are the 5 taste receptors? (possible 6th one)

Answer 66

1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Bitter 4. Salt 5. Umami- taste of glutamate (MSG) 6. Fatty?

Question 67

# The Chemical Senses: Taste What we call 'taste' is actually flavour, and it is a combination of....

Answer 67

Taste and smell

Question 68

# The Chemical Senses: Taste Bumps that cover the surface of the tongue.

Answer 68

Papillae

Question 69

# The Chemical Senses: Taste Clusters of sensory receptor cells (in the papillae) that bind the food molecules that dissolve in our saliva and turn this information into a neural impulse. (transduction)

Answer 69

Taste bud ## Footnote - Each one contains 60-100 sensory receptor cells for taste - Life cycle = 10-14 days

Question 70

# The Chemical Senses: Smell Airborne chemicals that are detected as odours.

Answer 70

Odorants

Question 71

# The Chemical Senses: Smell The receptor cells bind odorant molecules into a neural impulse (transduction) and send that impulse to the brain.

Answer 71

Olfactory receptor neurons

Question 72

# The Chemical Senses Which is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus?

Answer 72

Smell

Question 73

# The Chemical Senses: Smell Chemical messages- often used to signal

Answer 73

Pheromones

Question 74

# The Chemical Senses inability to taste

Answer 74

Ageusia | dysgeusia (phantom averse) is most common

Question 75

# The Chemical Senses Inability to smell, can still taste but not 'flavours'

Answer 75

Anosmia

Question 76

# Pain Perception type of Pain signalling tissue damage

Answer 76

Inflammatory pain

Question 77

# Pain Perception type of pain that sends exaggerated signal of damage to neurons in PNS or CNS

Answer 77

Neuropathic pain ## Footnote Treatment includes: relaxation, analgesic meds, deep brain stimulation

Question 78

The ability to maintain balance and body posture. Located in the semicircular canals of our inner ears. The movement of fluid in these canals tells us if we are standing up or swaying from side to side.

Answer 78

Vestibular

Question 79

Perception of body position. ## Footnote Interacts with information in the vestibular system

Answer 79

Proprioception

Question 80

Perception of body movement in space ## Footnote Interacts with information in the vestibular system.

Answer 80

Kinaesthesia