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PS102 > Chapter 5 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between perception and sensation?

A

info comes through our senses
out brain interpret this information

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2
Q

what is a sensation?

A

stimulus-detection process
organs translate stimuli into nerve impulses

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3
Q

what is perception?

A

organizing and giving meaning to input
depends on cortex assigning meaning to is
very active process

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4
Q

can the same stimulus be perceived differently in different context?

A

yes

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5
Q

what is the process of a stimulus to perception?

A

stimulus -> sensory receptors -> Transduction -> neural impulse -> perception

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6
Q

what is psychophysics?

A

studies relations between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities

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7
Q

what are the 2 kinds of sensitivity?

A

absolute threshold
difference threshold

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8
Q

what is absolute threshold?

A

askes about the absolute limit of sensitivity
eg. how bright does a light have to be before we can see it?

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9
Q

what is the difference threshold?

A

askes about the difference between stimuli
eg. what is the smallest difference in brightness that er can detect?
lower absolute threshold = greater sensitivity

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10
Q

what is Weber’s law?

A

JND is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comprison is being made

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11
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimulus
occurs in all sensory modalities
adaptive value
- frees senses from the unchanging to be
more sensitive to changes in the
environment

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of processing to turn sensory info into perceptual?

A

bottom-up processing
top-down processing

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13
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

taking sensory info and then assembling and integrating it

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14
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

using models, ideas and expectations to interpret sensory information

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15
Q

what is an example of to-down influences?

A

perceptual set

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16
Q

what is a perceptual set?

A

when we see what we expect to see

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17
Q

what is the 2 processes that are involved in attention?

A

focusing on certain stimuli
filtering out other information

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18
Q

what three ways does attention determine what we see?

A

divided attention
selective attention
inattentional blindness

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19
Q

what is divided attention?

A

multitasking or paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at a time

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20
Q

what is selective attention?

A

involves focusing on one stimulus or task while ignoring other stimulus
can miss thing in a scene if focusing on one thing

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21
Q

how do you study selective attention?

A

studied using the dichotic listening task
results suggest that much of the unattended channel foes unnoticed
some exceptions: cocktail party (hearing your name in a loud room)

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22
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

when the effect of attention are so strong that we fail to see stimuli that are directly in front of our eyes

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23
Q

what is the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

A

argued that the wholes we perceive are more than the sum of their parts
suggests perceptions was governed by laws that determine how things were grouped together

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24
Q

what is figure-ground?

A

most fundamental gestalt principal
simplest form of organization, pick out objects and figures standing against a background
can be ambiguous
idea behind camouflage

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25
Q

what are the 4 gestalt principals?

A

proximity
similarity
continuity
closure

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26
Q

what is proximity?

A

elements that are close together belong together

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27
Q

what is similarity?

A

similar items belong together

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28
Q

what is continuity?

A

elements liked to form continuous line

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29
Q

what is closure?

A

close open edges; perceive boundaries

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30
Q

what is perceptual constancies?

A

refers to our ability to see objects as appearing a constant colour, size and shape despite continual changes in out perception (top-down process)

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31
Q

what is colour constancy?

A

we see a consistent colour in changing illumination conditions

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32
Q

what is brightness constancy?

A

we see consistent brightness in changing shadow conditions

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33
Q

what is shape consistency?

A

we see a consistent shape in an object despite receiving different sensory images of the shape

34
Q

what is depth perception?

A

image on the retina is 2D, but we live in a 3D world

35
Q

how do we perceive depth from a 2D image?

A

monocular cues
binocular cues

36
Q

what is a monocular cue?

A

depth can be perceived with one eye

37
Q

what is binocular cues?

A

depth perceived with 2 eyes

38
Q

what are the 7 monocular cues?

A

accommodation, relative motion, interposition, relative size, linear perspective, and light and shadow

39
Q

what is accommodation?

A

we can detect changes in the shape of our lens as a cue to distance

40
Q

what is relative motion?

A

when we are moving, we can see how far away we are from something from how fast or slow it takes to pass it

41
Q

what is interposition?

A

when one object appears to block the view of another, we assume the blocked object is farther

42
Q

what is relative size?

A

we assume familiar objects as farther away when they appear smaller

43
Q

what is linear perspective?

A

we see parallel lines as converging in the distance

44
Q

what is the Ponzo illusion

A

our perception of distance affects our perception of length

45
Q

what is light and shadow?

A

shadows can give clues to the location and size of objects

46
Q

what is binocular depth cues based on?

A

retinal disparity
convergence

47
Q

what is renal disparity?

A

two eyes receive different visual images
feature detectors analyze differences

48
Q

what is convergence?

A

feedback from ocular muscles when focusing on something distant and then close

49
Q

what stimulus does the visual processes?

A

light or waves of electromagnetic radiation around 360-750mn

50
Q

what is wavelength/ frequency of light perceived as?

A

colour

51
Q

what is amplitude of a light wave perceived as?

A

brightness

52
Q

what does light travel through?

A

the cornea -> pupil -> focused at the lens

53
Q

where does the light land on?

A

the retina to get transduced into a neural signal

54
Q

what is the first layer of the retina?

A

photoreceptors
- transduces light waves into
neural impulses
- rods and cones

55
Q

what are rods?

A

functions best in low illumination
sound mostly periphery of retina and on in fove

56
Q

what are cones?

A

for colour and detail
functions best in high illumination
concentrated in fova (center of retina)

57
Q

what is dark adaptation?

A

progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity in low illumination
rods adapt after 30 minutes
cones adapt after 10 minutes

58
Q

what is layer 2 of the retina?

A

bipolar cells

59
Q

what are bipolar cells?

A

rods and cones have synaptic connections with bipolar cells
cones have one to one connections well many rods connect to one bipolar cell

60
Q

what is layer three in the retina?

A

ganglion cells

61
Q

what are ganglion cells?

A

bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells
axons of ganglion cell form the ocular nerve

62
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

an area of the retina that contains no rods or cones because this is were the optic nerve leaves the eye
causes blind spots in your vision

63
Q

what is the trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz)?

A

three types of colour receptors in retina
visual systems combines activity from these sells to allow us to perceive all the colours

64
Q

what is the problem with the trichromatic theory?

A

can’t explain why red-green colour blind individuals can perceive yellow
can’t explain afterimages

65
Q

what is the opponent theory?

A

three cone types and each respond to 2 different wavelengths
red or green
blue or yellow
black or white
explains afterimages

66
Q

where do impulses from the ocular nerve go?

A

thalamus to the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
fovea has large representation in visual cortex

67
Q

what are feature detectors?

A

cells in primary visual cortex that are very particular about what will make then fire

68
Q

what are the two pathways of feature detectors?

A

the visual stream
the dorsal stream

69
Q

what is the stimulus for the auditory system?

A

sound waves

70
Q

what are the two characteristics of sound waves?

A

frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness)

71
Q

what are the 2 types of hearing loss?

A

conduction hearing loss
sensorineural hearing loss

72
Q

what is conduction hearing loss?

A

when the middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cochlea

73
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

when the receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves

74
Q

how do you prevent hearing loss?

A

exposure to sounds that are too loud to talk over can cause damage to the hair cells
structures in the middle of the ear can be damaged by disease

75
Q

how do you treat hearing loss?

A

conductions hearing loss helped with hearing aids that amplify the sound
sensorineural hearing loss helped with cochlear implant that translates sound waves into signals for the brain

76
Q

what is loudness?

A

refers to more intense sound vibrations that the brain can interpret using :
- firing rate of hair cells
- number of hair cells firing
- the type of hair cell firing

77
Q

what is the frequency theory?

A

nerve impulses match frequency of wave
doesn’t work for frequencies above 1000Hz

78
Q

what is place theory?

A

specific frequencies peak at certain places on the cochlea, depending on pitch
the brain reads pitch by reading the location where the signals are coming from

79
Q

what 2 ways does binaural hearing help localize sounds?

A

timing of sound
intensity of sounds

80
Q

where do sound impulses go?

A

thalamus to the primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
from there, signals go to the secondary auditory cortex (interoperates complex sounds)

PS102 (10 decks)

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