Chapter 5: Society, Social Structure And Interaction

Question 1

Social structure

Answer 1

The complex framework of societal institutions such as the economy politics and religion in the social practises such as rules and social roles that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people’s behaviour

Question 2

Social interaction

Answer 2

The process by which people act towards or respond to other people

Question 3

The macro level perspective

Answer 3

The social structure of a society has several essential elements, social institutions, groups of statuses, roles and norms

Question 4

Social marginality

Answer 4

The state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure

Question 5

Stigma

Answer 5

Cording to Erving Goffman any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a persons social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance

Question 6

Status

Answer 6

Socially defined position in a group or society characterized by a certain expectations, rights, and duties.

Question 7

Status set

Answer 7

A term used to describe all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time

Question 8

Ascribed vs achieved status

Answer 8

Ascribed: A social position conferred on a person at birth or received in voluntarily later in life

Achieved: The social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, Merritt, or direct effort.

Question 9

Master status

Answer 9

A term used to describe the most important status of a person occupies

Question 10

Status symbol

Answer 10

Material signed that informs others of a person specific status

Question 11

What is the difference between a status and a role

Answer 11

We occupy status, whereas we play a role

Question 12

Role

Answer 12

A set of behavioural expectations associated with the given status

Question 13

Role expectations

Answer 13

The groups or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be played

Question 14

Role performance

Answer 14

How a person plays a role

Question 15

What is role ambiguity

Answer 15

Role ambiguity occurs when the expectations associated with the role or unclear

Question 16

Role conflict

Answer 16

Situation in which incompatible roll demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time

Question 17

Role strain

Answer 17

The strain experience by a person with an incompatible to Mann’s or built into a single status that the person occupies

Question 18

Roll distancing

Answer 18

Roll distancing occurs when people consciously faster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of roll performance

Question 19

Role exit

Answer 19

The situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self identity

Question 20

What are the four stages of Role exit

Answer 20

The first stages though, in which people experience frustration or burn out when they reflect on their existing roles. The second stage involves a search for alternatives, here, people may take a leave of absence from their work or temporarily separate from their marriage partner. The third stage is the turning point at which people realize that they must take some final action, such as quitting their job or getting a divorce. The fourth and final stage involves the creation of a new identity.

1) doubt / frustration
2) search for alternatives
3) turning point/decision
4) creation of new identity

Question 21

Social group

Answer 21

A group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

Question 22

Primary group

Answer 22

Small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion-based interactions over and extended time

Question 23

Secondary group

Answer 23

A larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal oriented and relationships for a limited time

Question 24

Social network

Answer 24

A series of social relationships that link an individual to others

Question 25

Formal organization

Answer 25

Highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

Question 26

Examples of people in primary groups

Answer 26

Family close friends and school or work related. Groups

Question 27

What is social solidarity, also known as cohesion

Answer 27

Social solidarity or cohesion, relates to the groups ability to maintain itself in the face obstacles

Question 28

Social institution

Answer 28

A set of working on his beliefs and rules that establishes how are society will attempt to meet its basic social needs -in the past these need centred around five basic social institutions: Family, religion, education, economy, and the government/politics ... today. Best media, sports, science/medicine, and the military are also considered to be social institutions

Question 29

What is the difference between a group and a social institution

Answer 29

The group is composed of specific, identifiable people: an institution as a standardize way of doing something.

Question 30

Functional theorists emphasize that social institutions exist because they perform five essential tasks. What are these tasks

Answer 30

Replacing members, teaching new members, producing this to everything and consuming goods and services, preserving order, and providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

Question 31

Who created typologies

Answer 31

Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies

Question 32

What is typology

Answer 32

The typology is a classification scheme containing two or more mutually exclusive categories that are used to compare different kinds of behaviour or types of societies

Question 33

What is mechanical solidarity

Answer 33

Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion for that exists in preindustrial society's, in which there is a minimal division of labour and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

Question 34

What is organic solidarity

Answer 34

Emile Durkheim's term for the social cohesion that exists in industrial [and perhaps postindustrial] societies, in which people perform specialized tasks and feel united by the mutual dependence.

Question 35

Tonnies Geneibschaft:

Answer 35

Traditional society in which social relationships are based on a personal bond of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

Question 36

Tonnies: Gesellschaft

Answer 36

The large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialist relationships, with what little long-term commitment to the group or consensus of values.

Question 37

Social construction of reality

Answer 37

The process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

Question 38

Self for filling prophecy

Answer 38

Situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behaviour that makes the originally false belief come true

Question 39

Ethnoethodology

Answer 39

The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

Question 40

Dramaturgical analysis

Answer 40

The study of social interaction that compares every day life to a theatrical presentation

Question 41

Impression management [or presentation of self)

Answer 41

The term for peoples efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favourable to their own interests or image

Question 42

Studied nonobservance

Answer 42

A space saving technique in which one role player Ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved

Question 43

Front and back stage of social interaction

Answer 43

The front stage is the area were a player performs a specific role before an audience. The backstage is the area where player is not required to form a specific role because It is out of view of a given audience. Example: when the aces and the bombers were talking with each other at school, they were on the front stage. When they were in the privacy of their own residences, they were in backstage settings – they no longer had the form the ace and Bomber rolls and could be themselves.

Question 44

Feeling rules

Answer 44

Feeling rules shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation

Question 45

Emotional labour

Answer 45

Emotional labour occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind [such as hope, desire, or fear] in others.

Question 46

Nonverbal communication

Answer 46

The transfer of information between persons without the use of speech

Question 47

Demeanour

Answer 47

How we behave and conduct ourselves

Question 48

Deference

Answer 48

The symbolic means by which the board minutes give a required per missive response to those in power: confirm the existence of any quality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other

Question 49

Personal space

Answer 49

The immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private