Chapter 5 - Structure and Function of Macromolecules Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Con
A
= Together
2
Q
Di
A
= Two
3
Q
Glycol
A
= sweet
4
Q
Hydro
A
= Water
5
Q
Lyse
A
=Break
6
Q
Macro
A
= Large
7
Q
Mono
A
= Single
8
Q
Sacchar
A
= Sugar
9
Q
Poly
A
= Many
10
Q
Tri
A
= Three
11
Q
Alpha Helix
A
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
12
Q
Amino Acid
A
An organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.
Serve as the monomers of proteins.
13
Q
Beta Pleated Sheet
A
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
14
Q
Carbohydrate
A
A sugar(monosaccharide) or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers(polysaccharides).
15
Q
Cellulose
A
A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.
16
Q
Cholesterol
A
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
17
Q
Dehydration Reaction
A
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecules.
18
Q
Condensation Reaction
A
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called a dehydration reaction.
19
Q
Denaturation
A
In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, there by becoming biologically inactive.
Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.
20
Q
Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
A
A double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins.
21
Q
Deoxyribose
A
The pentose sugar component of DNA.
22
Q
Disaccharide
A
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
23
Q
Disulfide Bridge
A
A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
24
Q
Double Helix
A
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
25
Fat
A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.
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Fatty Acid
A long hydrocarbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.
27
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals.
The animal equivalent of starch.
28
Glycosidic Linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
29
Hydrolysis
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
30
Lipid
One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.
31
Macromolecule
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction.
Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.
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Monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
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Monosaccharide
The simpliest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas are generally a multiple of CH2O.
34
Nucleic Acid
A polymer(polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.
DNA and RNA.
35
Nucleotide
The monomer of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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Peptide Bond
The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.
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Phospholipid
A lipid molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
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Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
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Polynucleotide
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.
DNA and RNA.
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Polypeptide
A polymer(chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
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Polysaccharide
A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
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Primary Structure
The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.
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Protein
A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.
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Purine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides.
Adenine(A) and Guanine(G) are purines.
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Pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides.
Cytosine(C), Thymine(T) and Uracil(U) are pyrimidines.
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Quaternary Structure
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.
47
Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases Adenine(A), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), and Uracil(U).
Usually single stranded, functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
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Ribose
The pentose sugar component of RNA.
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Saturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
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Secondary Structure
The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between the polypeptide backbone region.
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Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
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Tertiary Structure
Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
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Formation of Macromolecules(large molecules)
- General polymer structure of repeating monomers(except for lipids)
- new bonds joining free monomers to polymer chains are created by dehydration synthesis(water produced)
- Existing bonds broken when monomers released by hydrolysis(water used)
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4 Classes of Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrate(Sugars)
2. Lipids
3. Proteins(diverse group used everywhere)
4. Nucleic Acids(genetic information and protein creation instructions)
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Carbohydrates(Sugars)
A. Monomer: Monosaccharide
B. Bond: Glycosidic Linkage
C. Disaccharide: Joining of 2 monosaccharides
D. Polysaccharides: long chain of many monos
E. Functions:
- Structural in Plant(Cellulose in cell wall)
- Storage of chemical energy in Plants(Starch)
- Storage in Animals(Glycogen)
57
Lipids
A. Monomer: None
B. Bond: Ester linkage joining fatty acids to glycerol in phospholipids and fats.
C. Some portion hydrophobic due to hydrocarbon chain(nonpolar).
D. 3 Classes:
- Phospholipid(2 fatty acids+hlycerol+phosphate)
- Steroids(4 fused carbon rings)
- Fats(3 fatty acids + glycerol)
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Phospholipid(lipids)
- 2 fatty acids(hydrophobic) + glycerol + phosphate(hydrophilic)
- Main component of membranes
- Exists as bilayer in aqueous environments
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Steroids(lipids)
- 4 fused carbon rings
| - Cholesterol, sex hormones
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Fats(lipids)
- 3 fatty acids + glycerol
- entirely hydrophobic
- Unsaturated(heart healthy fats) double bonded and liquid at room temperature
- Saturated(heart unhealthy fats) no double bonds and solid at room temperature
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Proteins
A. Monomer: Amino Acids
- 20 total
- contain carboxyl and amino group
- R or side chain unique for each
- some non-polar, polar, or ionic
B. Bond: Peptide Bond
C. Conformation(3D structure necessary for proper function)
- Primary Structure: unique sequence of amino acids
- Secondary Structure(hydrogen bonds): Alpha helix/Beta pleated sheets
- Tertiary Structure: Bonds between R groups of different amino acids
- Quaternary Structure: Some proteins require groupings of 2 or more polypeptide chains for function.
D. Denaturation:
- Loss of conformation and function of protein
- extreme temperature, pH, and salt concentration
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Nucleic Acids
A. Two types:
- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid(DNA)
- Robonucleic Acid(RNA)
B. Monomer: Nucleotide
- Phosphate Group
- 5 Carbon(pentose) Sugar(DNA or RNA)
- Nitrogenous Base(Purines(2 rings of nitrogen) and Pyrimidines(1 rings of nitrogen))
C. Bonds: complementary nitrogenous base pairs in DNA
- A-T
- G-C
sugar phosphate backbones held by phosphodiester bonds.
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Nitrogenous Bases(Nucleic Acids)
Purines: 2 rings of nitrogen
- Adenine(A) and Guanine(G) - RNA and DNA
Pyrimidines: 1 ring of carbon
- Cytosine(C) - RNA and DNA
- Thymine(T) - DNA ONLY
- Uracil(U) - RNA ONLY
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Carbohydrates(concepts)
- Sugars
- C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio
- carbonyl groups(aldehydes or ketons)
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Lipids(concepts)
- fats, phospholipids, and steroids
- mostly C and H with some O.
- Phospholipids have phosphate groups
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Nucleic Acids
- RNA and DNA
- Nucleotides(monomers) are 5 Carbon sugars + phosphate group + nitrogenous base
- DNA contains genetic information
- RNA allows information to be translated into proteins.
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Proteins
- Made of Amino Acids
- Amino Acids joined by peptide bonds creating primary structure.
- Further bonds in chain create secondary and tertiary structure important to create conformation(3D structure) for protein to work properly.
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Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction
- joining monomers involves one partner losing -OH and another losing H. Those create a H2O molecule.
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Hydrolysis(concept)
- breaking apart polymers into monomers. H2O surrounding polymer is broken up into H and -OH and added to each of the monomers.
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Carbohydrate(monomer/bond)
Monomer: monosaccharide
Bond: glycosidic linkage
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Lipids(monomer/bond)
Monomer: only macromolecule with no clear monomer
Bond: hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol molecule by Ester linkage
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Nucleic Acid(monomer/bond)
Monomer: Nucleotide
Bond: phosphodiester between sugar and phosphates, hydrogen between 2 strands.
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Protein(monomer/bond)
Monomer: Amino Acids
Bond: peptide
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mono/di/ and poly saccharides
Monosaccharides: monomers of carbohydrates
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage.
Polysaccharides: long chains of more than 3 monosaccharides each linked by glycosidic linkages.
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Fats(Lipid structure)
3 hydrophobic hydrocarbon fatty acid chains attached by glycerol.
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Phospholipids(Lipid structure)
Amphipathic(Hydrophobic and philic regions) with two hydrophobic fatty acid tails attached to glycerol and hydrophilic phosphate head.
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Steroids(Lipid structure)
4 fused carbon ring structures with various attached functional groups.
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Saturated VS Unsaturated fats
Saturated: no double bonds between H and C. Solid at room temperature(bad for humans)
Unsaturated: at least 1 double bond between H and C. Liquid at room temperature(good for humans)
79
Amino Acid structure.
- 20 amino acids all with Amino and Carboxyl group.
- Each has a unique side chain or R group.
- R group can have non-polar, polar, or ionic qualities.
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4 Levels of Protein Structure
1. Primary: correct linear order of the amino acid.
2. Secondary: H bonds along the polypeptide backbone create structures(alpha helixes and pleated sheets).
3. Tertiary: Bonding between R groups further creating 3D shape of protein.
4. Quaternary(not all proteins): Protein structure gained from aggregation of multiple polypeptide subunits.
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Conditions for Protein Denature
- Extreme high temperature
- Extreme pH
- Extreme Salinity
82
Nucleotide Structure
- 5 carbon sugar(pentose)
- Phosphate group
- nitrogenous base(adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
Phosphodiester bonds between sugars and phosphate group forms backbone, nitrogenous bases stick out from sugar.
83
DNA pair rules
- double stranded
- Adenine(purine) - Thymine(pyrimidine
- Cytosine(pyridmidine) - Guanine(purine)
84
DNA Vs RNA
DNA
- double stranded
- Thymine(no Uracil)
- only in nucleus
- deoxyribose as sugar
RNA
- Single Stranded
- Uracil(no Thymine)
- in Cytoplasm and nucleus
- ribose as sugar
