Chapter 5 Terms

Question 1

What are the 4 main types of tissue

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

Answer 2

epithelial tissue

Question 3

composed primarily of an extracellular matrix and a limited number of cells. Most composed of ground substance, fibers, and cells, although blood and lymph are specialized fluid tissues without fiber.

Answer 3

connective

Question 4

is characterized by properties that allow movement. they are excitable; they respond to a stimulus. They are contractile, meaning they can shorten and generate a pulling force. When attached between two movable objects, such as two bones, contraction of the muscles cause the bones to move.

Answer 4

muscle

Question 5

contains two categories of cells — neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supporting cells that provide physical sport, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation.

Answer 5

nervous

Question 6

a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit

Answer 6

tissue

Question 7

lines the body cavity and covers the external body surface

Answer 7

epithelium

Question 8

pumps blood flushes urine allows one to swing a bat

Answer 8

muscle

Question 9

transmits electrical signals

Answer 9

nervous

Question 10

anchors, packages and supports body organs

Answer 10

connective

Question 11

cells may absorb secrete and filter

Answer 11

epithelium

Question 12

most involved in regulating and controlling body functions

Answer 12

nervous

Question 13

major function is to contract

Answer 13

muscle

Question 14

synthesize hormones

Answer 14

epithelium

Question 15

includes nonliving extracellular matrix

Answer 15

connective

Question 16

most widespread tissue in the body

Answer 16

connective

Question 17

forms nerves in the brain

Answer 17

nervous

Question 18

describe 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 18

. The cells fit closely together, forming
sheetlike membranes. There is little intercellular material. The tissue is avascular. The membrane has
a free edge. Epithelial tissue generally has a high regenerative capacity

Question 19

how are epithelial tissues classified

Answer 19

By number of layers and cell shape

Question 20

what type of epithelium is removed with a buccal swab?

Answer 20

stratified squamous

Question 21

five major functions of epithelial cells

Answer 21

defense, filtration and diffusion, sensation, secretion, absorption

Question 22

8. How does the function of stratified epithelium differ from the function of simple epithelium?

Answer 22

Stratified epithelia have more layers for protection. Simple epithelia allow materials to move across
them and are less protective.

Question 23

Where is ciliated epithelium found?

Answer 23

It lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract of the male and
female, as well as the uterine tubes of the female.

In the respiratory tract, it sweeps mucus superiorly away from the lungs.

In the uterine tubes, it propels the ova along the tract

Question 24

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium, but there is something special about it.
How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 24

When stretched, its top layers
are squamous, but when not stretched, its top layers are pillow-shaped.

The surface cells have the ability to slide over one another, increasing the internal volume of the organ (e.g., bladder) as it fills and
maintaining an intact lining whether stretched or contracted.

Question 25

11. How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function

Answer 25

Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They produce hormones, which are liberated into the extracellular fluid to enter the blood. Exocrine glands maintain their ducts and manufacture secretions of various types (perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, etc.), which are ducted to the body (or membrane) surface.

Question 26

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

Answer 26

stratified squamous

Question 27

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

Answer 27

simple columnar

Question 28

What type of epithelium lines the alveolar sacs of the lung?

Answer 28

simple squamous

Question 29

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

Answer 29

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 30

What type of epithelium lines epidermis of the skin?

Answer 30

stratified squamous

Question 31

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

Answer 31

transitional

Question 32

13. What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?

Answer 32

All connective tissues originate from mesenchyme, have varied degrees of vascularity, and have a large amount of extracellular matrix that varies with tissue type.

Question 33

14. What functions are performed by connective tissue?

Answer 33

Protection, support, and the binding together of other body tissues. Transportation of substances within the body is another function.

Question 34

15. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure

Answer 34

? Connective tissues have a wide variety of structures that perform many different functions. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out its normal functions.

Question 35

attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

Answer 35

dense regular

Question 36

acts as a storage of fat deposit

Answer 36

adipose

Question 37

forms the fibrous joint capsule

Answer 37

dense irregular

Question 38

makes up the intervertebral discs

Answer 38

fibrocartilage

Question 39

composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

Answer 39

areolar

Question 40

forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton

Answer 40

hyaline cartilage

Question 41

. provides a flexible framework for the external

Answer 41

elastic cartilage

Question 42

matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on

Answer 42

osseous

Question 43

forms the walls of large arteries

Answer 43

elastic connective

Question 44

17. Why do adipose cells remind people of a signet ring (a ring with a single jewel

Answer 44

A large, fat-filled vacuole occupies most of the cell, and the nucleus is pushed to the periphery.

Question 45

18. What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons

Answer 45

excitability and conductivity

Question 46

19. In what ways are neurons similar to other cells

Answer 46

they contain a nucleus and the usual organelles

Question 47

In what ways are neurons different to other cells

Answer 47

Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes.

Question 48

20. Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.

Answer 48

. Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body through their long cytoplasmic extensions

Question 49

striated, cylindrical, voluntary, many nuclei, attached to bones

Answer 49

skeletal muscles

Question 50

striated, branching cells, involuntary, one nucleus, intercalated discs, forms heart walls

Answer 50

cardiac muscles

Question 51

spindle shaped cells, involuntary, one nucleus, in wall of bladder and stomach

Answer 51

smooth muscle

Question 52

Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, “It is better to break a bone than it is to tear a tendon or ligament.” Based on your understanding of these two types of connective tissue, explain why that would be true.

Answer 52

Bones are very vascular which will result in much faster healing. Tendons and ligaments are avascular and will take much longer to heal.

Question 53

When cardiac muscle tissue dies in adults, it is replaced with scar tissue composed of dense connective tissue. Explain how the function of the scar tissue would differ from the function of the cardiac muscle tissue.

Answer 53

The scar tissue will not be able to contract because dense connective tissue is not contractile.

Question 54

Smoking impairs cilia because the toxins paralyze and can destroy the cilia. Based on this loss of function, explain which types of infections smokers would be more susceptible to

Answer 54

Smokers would be more susceptible to respiratory tract infections. The cilia would not be able to move to sweep pathogens out of the body or prevent pathogens from moving into lower respiratory structures.

Question 55

Why is the goblet cell important

Answer 55

secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer. Goblet cells are also thought to be involved with immunoregulation.

Question 56

what is ground substance

Answer 56

Ground substance is component of the extracellular matrix, an amorphous gelatinous material which consists mainly of water and a nonfibrous protein whose major role is to provide communication and transport between tissues

Question 57

The layers of the skin that constitutes the cutaneous membrane are the epidermis, which is the outer layer composed of the epithelial tissues, and the dermis, which is the inner layer composed of two types of connective tissues.

Answer 57

cutaneous membrane

Question 58

define and give examples of the mucous membrane.

Answer 58

he moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). Glands in the mucous membrane make mucus (a thick, slippery fluid).

Question 59

How is mucous moved?

Answer 59

little hairs called cilia go to work. They push the mucus up and out of the lungs with all the trapped bacteria, viruses, and dust.

Question 60

Define and give examples of the serous membrane

Answer 60

The serous membranes are located in four locations and are named based on these locations. The pleura surrounds the lungs and thoracic cavity, the pericardium surrounds the heart, the tunica vaginalis surrounds the testes in males, and the peritoneum surrounds the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs.

Question 61

whats the difference between visceral and parietal serosa

Answer 61

Parietal serosa line the body cavities and visceral serosa line the outer part of the organs within the body cavity.

Question 62

membrane-bounded, centriole-derived projections from the cell surface that contain a microtubule cytoskeleton, the ciliary axoneme, surrounded by a ciliary membrane.

Answer 62

cilia

Question 63

also known as basal lamina, is a thin, dense layer of extracellular matrix that lines most human tissues forming the supporting structure and scaffolding for epithelial tissue and separates different types of cells, such as nerve cells and muscle cells.

Answer 63

basement membrane

Question 64

basal cells

Answer 64

found at the bottom of the epidermis

Question 65

apical cells

Answer 65

the apical surface of the epithelial cells generally faces the outside compartment of the organism

Question 66

Identify the epithelial cell type found lining most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal).

Answer 66

simple columnar epithelium

Question 67

Which epithelial cell type lines the interior of ducts of sweat glands?

Answer 67

stratified cuboidial

Question 68

Which epithelial cell type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina?

Answer 68

Stratified squamous epithelium