Chapter 5- The Structure And Function Of Macromolecules

Question 1

Hydrolosis

Answer 1

Breaks polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

Question 2

What are the four main types of macromolecules?

Answer 2

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Question 3

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Used for fuel, building materials, and receptors

• Made of C,H,O
• General formula is CH2O
• C:O ratio is 1:1
• Types of Carbs (…saccharides)
• Put together with dehydration synthesis

Question 4

Monosaccharides

Answer 4

Simple sugars
-Can be in linear or ring forms
-Can be aldoses (on the end) or ketones (in the middle)
Ex) glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

Sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a “glycosidic linkage”
Ex)Maltose= glucose+glucose
Lactose= glucose+galactose
Sucrose= glucose+fructose

Question 6

Oligosaccharides

Answer 6

2-10 joined simple sugars

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Many joined simple sugars
-used for storage and structure
Ex)Starch, cellulose, glycogen
-Used in cell membranes as receptors

Question 8

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Energy, structure, and cell membrane receptors

Question 9

Starch

Answer 9

Made of 1-4 linkages of “a” glucose

• Linkage makes the molecule form a helix (coil)
• Fuel storage in plants

Question 10

Cellulose

Answer 10

Made of 1-4 linkages of “b” glucose

• Linkage makes the molecule form a straight line
• Used for structure in plant cell walls

Question 11

Glycogen

Answer 11

“Animal starch”, similar to starch but had1-6 linkages

-Found in the liver and muscle cells

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

Diverse hydrophobic molecules

• Made of C,H,O
• No general formula
• C:O ratio is very high in C
• Made using dehydration synthesis

Question 13

Fats and Oils (a type of lipid)

Answer 13

Made of two kinds of smaller molecules

• 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol
• Joined by an ester linkage between the -COOH of the fatty acid and the

Question 14

Saturated Fats

Answer 14

No double bonds

Ex) solid at room temp; butter

Question 15

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 15

One or more C=C bonds
Ex) oils
-Double bonds cause “kinks” in the molecular’s shape

Question 16

What are fats used for in organisms?

Answer 16

For energy storage, cushions for organs, and insulation

Question 17

Phospholipids (a type of lipid)

Answer 17

Similar to fats, but have only 2 fatty acids

• Third -OH of glycerol is joined to a phosphate containing molecule
• Hydrophobic head, but hydrophilic tail

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

“The molecular tools of the cell”, polypeptide chains of amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds

• Made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S
• No real formula

Question 19

Uses of Proteins

Answer 19

Structure, enzymes, antibodies, transport, movement , receptors, and hormones

Question 20

Amino Acids

Answer 20

All have a C with four attachments

1) COOH (acid)
2) NH2 (amine)
3) hydrogen
4) R (differentiate amino acids)

Question 21

Polypeptide Chains

Answer 21

Formed by dehydration synthesis between the carbonyl group of one AA and the amino group of the second AA
-Produce a backbone of (N-C-C)

Question 22

Primary Structure

Answer 22

Sequence of AA in the polypeptide chain

Question 23

Secondary Structure

Answer 23

3-D structure formed by hydrogen bonding between parts of the peptide backbone

• Two main secondary structures; “a” helix & pleated sheets
• Where initial shape starts to form

Question 24

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Synthesis)

Answer 24

The chemical reaction that joins monomers into polymers (macromolecules)
-Removes a water molecule, forming a new bond