Chapter-5 Tumors

Question 0

How to benign tumor cells divide?

Answer 0

Slightly faster then normal cells

Question 1

Are benign rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?

Answer 1

Differentiated

Question 2

Are benign cells encapsulated or not?

Answer 2

Encapsulated

Question 3

Does benign rumors spread causing damage or not?

Answer 3

Does not spread

Question 4

Are benign rumors life threatening?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Are malignant cells functional or nonfunctional?

Answer 5

Nonfunctional cells

Question 6

Are malignant rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?

Answer 6

Undifferentiated

Question 7

How do malignant cells divide?

Answer 7

Rapidly

Question 8

Does malignant rumors spread?

Answer 8

They infiltrate and metastasize normal tissue

Question 9

Do malignant tumors have capsules

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Are malignant tumors life threatening

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

3 local effects of tumors

Answer 11

Pain
Obstruction
Infection

Question 12

What are 6 systemic effects of tumors?

Answer 12

Weight loss
Cachexia
Anemia
Infection
Bleeding
Paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 13

Tumor markers are produce?

Answer 13

By the tumor and are found circulating in the blood.

Question 14

Name the 5 types of tumor markers?

Answer 14

Enzymes
Tissue receptors
Antigens
Oncogenes
Hormones

Question 15

The only definitive test for malignancy is?

Answer 15

Examination of tumor cells

Question 16

Tumor marker ER is?

Answer 16

Found in uterine and breast tissue called estrogen receptor.

Question 17

Tumor marker CA-125 is?

Answer 17

A marker for ovarian cancer.

Question 18

Tumor marker CEA is?

Answer 18

Carcinoembryonic antigen a marker for colon cancer.

Question 19

Tumor marker PSA is?

Answer 19

Prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer

Question 20

Tumor marker AFP is?

Answer 20

Alpha-fetoprotein, produced by developing fetus. Declines after birth. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and testicular cancer.

Question 21

When are tumors primary?

Answer 21

When they are located in the site of pathogenesis.

Question 22

When are tumors secondary?

Answer 22

When they have spread to another area or region.

Question 23

Tumors spread by what 3 mechanisms?

Answer 23

Invasion
Metastasis
Seeding

Question 24

What is invasion?

Answer 24

Where a tumor spreads locally growing into adjacent tissue destroying normal cells.

Question 25

What is metastasis?

Answer 25

Spread to a distant site by blood or lymphatic channels.

Question 26

What is seeding?

Answer 26

Spread of cancer cells in body fluids such as serous fluid or along membranes.

Question 27

When staging cancer the classification process...

Answer 27

Describes the extent of the disease upon diagnosis and may be repeated, it is used for prognosis and treatment.

Question 28

How many stages are there?

Answer 28

4 (I-IV)

Question 29

What are the 3 factors the four stages are based on?

Answer 29

Size of primary tumor (T) Involvement of regional lymph nodes (N) Spread or metastasis of tumor (M)

Question 30

What is the root cause of malignancy?

Answer 30

Changes to cell DNA

Question 31

Carcinogenesis is

Answer 31

The process where normal cell are transformed to cancer cells.