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BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture > Chapter 5 (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (Unit 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified.

A

Epithelial Tissue,
Connective Tissue,
Nervous Tissue,
and Muscular Tissue

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue is broken down into two major sections:

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Glands
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3
Q

Epithelia

A

Sheet of closely adhering cells (and small amount of extracellular matrix) lining the surface of the body

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4
Q

Epithelia is ___________ (vascular/avascular), but __________.

A

avascular; innervated

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5
Q

Apical Surface

A

Exposed portion of epithelia - may have cilia there or microvilli for more surface area or some modification that tells us what it does

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6
Q

Basal Surface

A

Bottom/anchoring portion of epithelia touching the basement membrane
- Basal surface keeps epithelium tissue anchored

[unrelated: under basement membrane, there is connective tissue]

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7
Q

Lateral Surface

A

Side portions of epithelia - have junctions here (gap junctions, tight junctions, etc)

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8
Q

What does it mean when we say all epithelium display polarity?

A

Two different surfaces, apical and basal, with different properties/functions

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9
Q

How is epithelial tissue regenerative?

A

Because epithelial cells are always getting damaged since they are on the outside of the body, so epithelial cells are constantly regenerating

  • the mitosis occurring provides the nutrients energy for?
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10
Q

Glands: Function

A

Secrete substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste

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11
Q

Why are glands/ secretion needed in epithelia?

A

needed because epithelia is avascular

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12
Q

Secretion vs. Excretion

A

Secretion = when product is useful to body
Excretion = when waste product

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13
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue (and how those functions are performed)

A
  1. PROTECTION: barrier against environmental or chemical factors or against microorganisms 🦠
  2. SECRETION: sweat, mucus (nose, stomach), bile (to break down), enzymes.
  3. ABSORPTION
  4. FILTRATION
  5. EXCRETION: in places like the kidneys (urea)
  6. SENSATION: innervated; nerves allow us to feel sensations (feel when you swallow, touch, etc)
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14
Q

What functions of epithelial tissue regulate permeability?
(permeability = ability to get across that barrier we made)

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Filtration
  3. Excretion
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15
Q

What are the two ways in which epithelia are classified?

A
  1. # of cell layers
  2. cell shape
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16
Q

Epithelia: Types of Cell Layers

A
  1. Simple: one layer
  2. Pseudostratified Columnar: “pseudo” = fake; one layer pretending to be multiple layers
  3. Stratified: multiple layers
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17
Q

Epithelia: Cell shapes

A
  1. Squamous: flat, thin; looks like a flat egg in a pan
  2. Cuboidal: kind of square/round, roundish; as tall as it is wide
  3. Columnar: taller than it is wide
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18
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
Simple = Single layer,
Squamous = thin cells

Location: Lungs, Kidney, Heart, Blood vessels, Stomach, Intestines, Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum, Mesentery

  • Air sacs (alveloi) of LUNGS
  • Glomular capsules of KIDNEY tubules
  • Inner lining (endothelium) of HEART and BLOOD VESSELS
  • Serous membranes of STOMACH, INTESTINES, and some other viscera
  • Surface mesothelium of PLEURA, PERICARDIUM, PERITONEUM, and MESENTERIES.

Function: Rapid diffusion/transport and secretion

  • RAPID DIFFUSION or TRANSPORT of substances through membrane
  • SECRETION of lubrication serous fluid
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19
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
Simple = Single layer,
Cuboidal = cube-like cells (square or round); as tall as it is wide
- Brush border of MICROVILLI in some kidney tubules
- CILIATED in bronchioles of lung

Location: Liver, Thyroid, Mammary Glands, Salivary Glands, Kidney, Bronchioles (Lungs)

Function:
- ABSORPTION & SECRETION
- PRODUCTION of productive MUCOUS coat
- MOVEMENT of respiratory MUCUS

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20
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
- Pseudostratified = Single layer pretending to be multi
- Columnar = taller than it is wide
- Often with GOBLET CELLS
- Often CILIATED

Location:
- RESPIRATORY TRACT from nasal cavity to bronchi
- Portions of MALE URETHRA

Function: Secretes and Propels mucus

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21
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium–Keratinized:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
- Stratified = Multi-Layer
- Squamous = thin cells
- KERATIN = TOUGH - prevents things from crossing that barrier
- Surface covered with a layer of compact dead cells w/o nuclei

Location:
- EPIDERMIS & PALMS AND SOLES are heavily keratinized

Function: RESISTS ABRASION & PENETRATION by pathogenic organisms (PROTECTION)
- and retards water loss through skin!

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22
Q

To distinguish between Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar, look at:

A

cells on APICAL surface

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23
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium–Nonkeratinized:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
- Stratified = Multi-Layer
- Squamous = thin cells
- SAME AS KERATINIZED BUT w/o surface layer of dead cells

Location: Openings of body essentially
- Tongue, Oral mucosa, Esophagus, Anal canal, Vagina

Function: RESISTS ABRASION & PENETRATION by pathogenic organisms

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24
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:
structure, location, function

A

Structure:
- Stratified = Multi-Layer
- Cuboidal = cube-like cells (square or round); as tall as it is wide

Location:
- SWEAT GLAND ducts
- Egg-producing vesicles (follicles) of OVARIES
- SPERM-producing ducts (seminiferous tubules) of TESTIS

Function:
- Contributes to SWEAT SECRETION
- SECRETES ovarian HORMONES
- PRODUCES SPERM

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25
Urothelium (or Transitional Epithelium): structure, location, function
Structure: - Somewhat resembles STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, but surface cells are ROUNDED not flattened and often BULGE at surface - typically 5-6 CELL thick when RELAXED and 2-3 CELL thick when STRETCHED (cells may be flatter and thinner when urothelium stretched) - Some cells have 2 nuclei Location: - URINARY TRACT: Part of Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, part of Urethra Function: - STRETCHES to allow filling of urinary tract - PROTECTS underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine
26
Functions of Simple vs. Stratified Epithelia:
Simple (One layer) - Secretion & Absorption Stratified (Multi layer) - Protection
27
Types of Cellular Junctions
1. Tight Junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap Junctions 4. Hemidesmosomes
28
Tight Junctions
Will interlock and make our barrier - Stop things from moving between cells - will force things to go into or through cells
29
Desmosomes
Will allow us to have a little bit of movement between cells but keep the cells together in the face of mechanical stress [analogy = velcro] - also found in skin a little bit deeper --> allow us to rub our skin without tearing it
30
Gap Junctions
Structure: transmembrane proteins come together to form connexion - pore within the structure allows for substances to move from one cell to another (for example: ions)
31
Hemidesmosomes
found on basal surface - attaching cells to basement membrane
32
Glands: Structure
usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule
33
How are glands classified?
1. Destination of secretion = exocrine vs. endocrine 2. # of cells = unicellular vs. multicellular 3. Type of secretion 4. Method of secretion
34
Exocrine
Makes secretion and releases wither to tracts to outside of body - Not only on external surfaces, can also be on internal surfaces
35
Exocrine
Secretion stays within tissue of the body - DUCT: all exocrine glands have this
36
Some examples of multicellular glands or/and location:
Sweat glands: Simple Coiled Tubular Gland Mammary gland: Compound Acinar Gland Pancreas: Compound Tubuloacinar
37
Types of Secretions
Serous Glands = watery (ex: tears) Mucous Glands = thick (some water with glycoprotein mucin) Mixed Glands = can be both secretion coming together from a particular gland
38
Modes of Secretion
Eccrine (Merocrine) Glands = will use exocytosis to get secretion out & doesn't change or damage cell at all Apocrine Secretion = pinching off on apical side (ex: mammary glands) & barely any damage to cell at all Holocrine Secretion = secretes through exploding (ex: pores) & once exploded, cell is dead (clearly damage to cell!!)
39
What are connective tissues made up of?
1. Specialized cells – most are not in contact with each other - meaning: depending on the tissue, the cell (specific) names different Matrix: (vascularity = variable) 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. Fluid called ground substance
40
What is matrix made up of and what are its characteristics?
Matrix = extracellular protein fibers (elastic, collagenous, or reticular) + ground substance (fluid) - Majority of tissue volume (EXCEPTION: ADIPOSE TISSUE) - Determines specialized function!
41
"-blast"
immature cell - will constantly be dividing and can make some of our matrix, specifically protein fibers
42
"-cyte"
mature cell - job: to monitor tissue and check if everything okay
43
Ground Substance
not watery, more viscous and rubbery - will inhibit pathogens & microorganisms from traveling through tissues
44
Collagenous Fibers
thick, rope-like structures which are flexible - give strength to our tissues (resists forces) in ONE direction [STAIN PINK]
45
Reticular Fibers
branching, thinner than collagenous fibers BUT creates network/grid for cells to sit on and to wait to do their function [STAIN BLACK]
46
Elastic Fibers
allows you to stretch and force is gone, can go back to original size w/o damage (only fiber that can go back w/o damage!!!) [STAIN PINK?]
47
Functions of Connective Tissue (and how those functions are performed)
1. BINDING OF ORGANS: ex. tendons bind skeletal bone & muscle 2. SUPPORT: ex. connective tissue will support the more superficial layer of epithelia 3. PHYSICAL PROTECTION: ex. WBC in blood help defend against pathogens 🦠 4. IMMUNE PROTECTION 5. MOVEMENT 6. STORAGE: ex. bones store calcium and phosphate salts 7. HEAT PRODUCTION: ex. found in brown adipose 8. TRANSPORT: transporting hormones, etc
48
Connective tissue a big category of specific tissue which is VERY variable: includes everything from ________ bone to ________ blood!
hard; liquid
49
What are the four classes of connective tissue?
1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar & Reticular) & Dense Connective Tissue (Regular & Irregular) 2. ADIPOSE TISSUE: White Adipose Tissue & Brown Adipose Tissue 3. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibro-) & Bone (Compact & Trabecular/Spongy) 4. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Blood
50
Areolar Tissue: structure, location, function
Connective tissue -> Fibrous connective tissue -> Loose connective tissue -> Areolar tissue Structure: - LOOSE arrangement of COLLAGENOUS & ELASTIC FIBERS - SCATTERED cells of various types - ABUNDANT ground substance - NUMEROUS blood vessels Location: - Underlying nearly all EPITHELIA - Surrounding BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ESOPHAGUS, and TRACHEA - Fascia between MUSCLES - Mesenteries - Visceral layers of pericardium and pleura Functions: - LOOSELY BINDS epithelia to deeper tissues - ALLOWS PASSAGE of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues - PROVIDES an ARENA for immune defense - Blood vessels provide NUTRIENTS & WASTE REMOVAL for overlying epithelia
51
Reticular Tissue: structure, location, function
Connective tissue -> Fibrous connective tissue -> Loose connective tissue -> Reticular tissue Structure: - LOOSE network of RETICULAR FIBERS & CELLS infiltrated with numerous LEUKOCYTES, especially LYMPHOCYTES Location: Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Bone marrow Function: FORMS SUPPORTIVE stroma (framework) for lymphoid organs
52
Dense Regular Connective Tissue: structure, location, function
Connective tissue -> Fibrous connective tissue -> Dense connective tissue -> Dense Regular connective tissue Structure: - Densely PACKED - PARALLEL (can only resist forces in one direction), often wavy collagen fibers - Slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between collagen bundles - Scanty open space (ground substance) - Scarcity of blood vessels Location: Tendons & Ligaments Function: - Ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress - Tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones
53
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: structure, location, function
Connective tissue -> Fibrous connective tissue -> Dense connective tissue -> Dense Irregular connective tissue Structure: - Densely PACKED collagen fibers running in RANDOM directions - Scanty open space (ground substance) - Few visible cells - Scarcity of blood vessels Location: - Deeper portion of dermis of SKIN - Capsules around viscera such as LIVER, KIDNEY, SPLEEN - Fibrous sheaths around CARTILAGES & BONES Function: - WITHSTANDS STRESSES applied in unpredictable directions - Imparts DURABILITY to tissues
54
What makes adipose tissues an exception when it comes to connective tissues?
Only adipose tissues are not dominantly matrix, while other connective tissues are. - adipose tissues are mostly cells!
55
White Adipose Tissue (WAT): structure, function
Connective tissue -> Adipose tissue -> WAT Structure: - EMPTY-LOOKING cells with THIN margins - Nucleus pressed against cell membrane - Very little matrix Function: Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
56
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT): structure, function
Connective tissue -> Adipose tissue -> WAT Structure: - COLOR comes from blood vessels, mitochondria and mitochondrial enzymes Function: Produces heat
57
Cartilage is __________ (avascular/vascular)
avascular - where to get nutrients? = through DIFFUSION!
58
"Chondro-"
cartilage
59
Chondroblast
cell type in cartilage; making cartilage matrix
60
Chondrocyte (in lacuna)
cell type in cartilage EMBEDDED in matrix because sitting in LACUNA; maintaining/monitoring cartilage
61
Lacuna
space/opening for cell to sit (in cartilage)
62
Perichondrium
63
Hyaline Cartilage: structure, location, function
Connective tissue -> Supportive connective tissue -> Cartilage -> Hyaline Cartilage Structure: - Clear, glass matrix stained light blue or pink in tissue sections - Dispersed collagen fibers, not usually visible - Chondrocytes enclosed in lacunae, often in small clusters of 3-4 cells (cell nests - USUALLY covered by perichondrium Location: - A thin articular cartilage lacking perichondrium over the end of BONES - Supportive rings and plates around TRACHEA & BRONCHI - A BOX-like enclosure around the LARYNX - Much of the FETAL SKELETON - A costal cartilage attaches the end of a RIB to the BREASTBONE Function: - EASES joint movements - HOLDS AIRWAY OPEN during respiration - MOVES VOCAL CORDS during speech - A PRECURSOR of bone in the fetal skeleton and the GROWTH ZONES of long bones of children
64
Elastic Cartilage: structure, location, function
Supportive connective tissue -> Cartilage -> Elastic Cartilage Structure: - ELASTIC FIBERS form web-like mesh amid lacunae - ALWAYS covered by perichondrium Location: External EAR & EPIGLOTTIS Function: Provides FLEXIBLE elastic SUPPORT
65
Fibrocartilage: structure, location, function
Supportive connective tissue -> Cartilage -> Fibrocartilage Structure: - PARALLEL collagen fibers similar to those of tendon - Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae b/w collage fibers - NEVER has perichondrium Location: - PUBIC symphysis (anterior joint b/e two halves of pelvic girdle) - INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, which separate bones of vertebral column - Menisci, or pads of shock-absorbing cartilage, in KNEE joint - At points where TENDONS insert on BONES near articular HYALINE CARTILAGE Function: - RESISTS COMPRESSION & ABSORBS SHOCK in some joints - Often a TRANSITIONAL TISSUE b/w dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage (ex: at some tendon-bone junctions)
66
When cartilage is damaged,
it doesn't repair itself very easily
67
"Osteo"
bone
68
Osteoblast
69
Osteocyte (in lacuna)
70
Periosteum
71
Compact Bone: structure, location, function
Supportive connective tissue -> Bone -> Compact Bone Structure: Location: Function:
72

BIOL 242 - Anatomy 1 Lecture (7 decks)

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