Chapter 5.1

Question 1

Morphs

Answer 1

genetic varieties of the same species

Question 2

Inheritance patterns

Answer 2

the predictable patterns seen in the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Question 3

Hereditary traits

Answer 3

inherited traits

Question 4

True-breeding plant

Answer 4

self-fertilized plant that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself generation after generation

Question 5

Cross-fertilization

Answer 5

sperm from the pollen of one plant fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant

Question 6

“F” stands for

Answer 6

filius and filia, Latin words for son and daughter

Question 7

Hybrids

Answer 7

offspring that results from crossing two true-breeding varieties of the same species

Question 8

Monohybrid

Answer 8

type of hybrid offspring in which the parents differ in just one trait

Question 9

Monohybrid cross

Answer 9

hybrids with parents that differ in one trait are crossed

Question 10

Allele

Answer 10

alternative version of a gene

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

when the two alleles are the same for an individual’s gene

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

when two alleles are different for an individual’s gene

Question 13

Dominant allele

Answer 13

determines the trait that a heterozygous individual expresses

Question 14

Recessive allele

Answer 14

not expressed in a heterozygous individual

Question 15

Law of segregation

Answer 15

two alleles for a trait/gene segregate during meiosis

Question 16

Heritable

Answer 16

the ability to be inherited

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

the genetic makeup/combination of alleles for an individual

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

an individual’s expressed traits (physical appearance)

Question 19

Probability

Answer 19

the likelihood that a particular event will occur

Question 20

Punnett square

Answer 20

diagram that shows the expected proportions of all possible outcomes of a genetic cross

Question 21

Phenotypic ratio

Answer 21

ratio of the phenotypes

Question 22

Test-cross

Answer 22

breeds an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual

Question 23

Dihybrid

Answer 23

type of hybrid offspring with parents differing in two traits

Question 24

Dihybrid cross

Answer 24

hybrids with parents differing in two traits are crossed

Question 25

Law of independent assortment

Answer 25

genes that segregate independently during meiosis do not influence each other's inheritance

Question 26

Fruit fly scientific name

Answer 26

drosophila melanogaster

Question 27

What is the highly sought out snake with exotic traits called?

Answer 27

leucistic ball python

Question 28

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

Answer 28

- autrian monk - did series of experiments in 1850s - 7 years he bred pea plants

Question 29

What did Mendel hypothesize?

Answer 29

that parents pass down separate factors that are responsible for hereditary traits, and that they retain identity generation after generation

Question 30

What are parental plants in a genetic cross known as?

Answer 30

P

Question 31

What is the first generation of offspring called?

Answer 31

First filial generation

Question 32

How does cross-fertilization work?

Answer 32

- remove pollen carrying structures from one plant - brush pollen from second flower to first

Question 33

What did Mendel observe in hybrids?

Answer 33

there must be 2 factors of stem length

Question 34

Mendel used monohybrid cross to study 7 categories of plants that include:

Answer 34

- seed colour - seed shape - seed coat colour - pod shape - pod colour - stem length - flower position

Question 35

What did Mendel observe after studying inheritance patterns?

Answer 35

that one of the two parent traits were gone in F1, came back but only 1/4 in F2

Question 36

Mendel's Model of Inheritance 1

Answer 36

genes exist in different forms

Question 37

Mendel's Model of Inheritance 2

Answer 37

for each gene, an individual organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

Question 38

Mendel's Model of Inheritance 3

Answer 38

an allele may be expressed as a trait/hidden in a heterozygous individual

Question 39

Mendel's Model of Inheritance 4

Answer 39

each gamete carries one allele for each hereditary trait due to the separation of allele pairs when gametes form. they are then reformed during fertilization

Question 40

Describe Mendel's Law of Segregation

Answer 40

- alleles are within a chromosome - chromosomes become sister chromatids - they branch off and alleles separate - chromosomes get fertilized and alleles get paired up (makes offspring)

Question 41

The probability of a particular outcome is equal to

Answer 41

the product of the individual properties

Question 42

Who was the Punnett square made by?

Answer 42

Reginald C. Punnett (1875-1967)

Question 43

When the genotype of an organism that displays a dominant phenotype not known

Answer 43

- test cross - phenotype will reveal genotype - homozygous recessive only contributes recessive allele, which will reveal the allele from other parent

Question 44

Why did Mendel follow the inheritance of 2 categories of traits

Answer 44

wanted to know of inheritance of seed colour affects seed shape

Question 45

Mendel's experiment used 556 seeds

Answer 45

- 315 round/yellow - 32 wrinkled/green - 108 round/green - 101 wrinkled/yellow

Question 46

In 1931, who made the discovery of taste after spilling PTC in a lab?

Answer 46

Chemist named Arthur Fox

Question 47

Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan use fruit flies to model genetics?

Answer 47

they produce a large number of offspring quickly