Chapter 6

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells characteristics

Answer 1

• No nucleus.

- No membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

eukaryotic cells characteristics

Answer 2

• DNA in a nucleus

- Membrane bound organelles.

Question 3

Features common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

• Surrounded by a plasma membrane.
• Semifluid substance called cytosol.
• Chromosome (carry genes)
• Ribosomes (make proteins)

Question 4

Why do we call eukaryotic cells “highly compartmentalized”?

Answer 4

Compartmentalization allows each compartment to perform specific functions without interference from other cell functions.

Question 5

Describe the characteristics of life that apply to the cell.

Answer 5

Order, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, energy processing

Question 6

What type of instruments do scientists use to study cells?

Answer 6

microscopes

Question 7

Are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 7

plant and animal cells are eukaryotic

Question 8

What are some major differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 8

Plant cells:

• cell wall
• chloroplasts
• large vacuoles
• regular shape

Animal cells:

• no cell wall
• no chloroplasts
• smaller vacuoles
• irregular shape

Question 9

what organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 9

• nuclear membrane; vacuoles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

DNA is organized into chromosomes

Question 11

Peroxisome

Answer 11

Present in the cytoplasm

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA and protein and carry out protein synthesis.

Question 13

Free ribosomes

Answer 13

ribosomes in the cytosol

Question 14

Bound ribosomes

Answer 14

ribosomes on the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

The surface is studded with ribosomes, distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

Lacks ribosomes, Synthesizes lipids, Stores calcium ions, Metabolized carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Question 17

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

Modifies proteins and helps distribute them within the cell

“Gol” think of gold. something made pretty because of the addition of gold

Question 18

what are cisternae

Answer 18

flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi apparatus

Question 19

parts of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 19

• Cis face: receives information

- Trans face: ships information out

Question 20

Lysosome

Answer 20

can digest macromolecules, phagocytosis, autophagy

Question 21

phagocytosis

Answer 21

cell eating another cell

Question 22

autophagy

Answer 22

cell eating itself

Question 23

Mitochondria

Answer 23

the site of cellular respiration (ATP is made here)

Question 24

Layers of the mitochondria

Answer 24

• smooth outer membrane

- inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 25

the two compartments of the inner membrane (of the mitochondria)

Answer 25

• intermembrane space

- mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

Vacuoles

Answer 26

maintenance compartments

Question 27

contractile vacuoles

Answer 27

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Question 28

central vacuoles

Answer 28

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Question 29

Chloroplast

Answer 29

found in plants and algae, contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

Question 30

three membrane layers of chloroplast

Answer 30

• thylakoids stacked to form a granum
• inner and outer membrane
• stroma

Question 31

thylakoids

Answer 31

membranous sacs

Question 32

stroma

Answer 32

• fluid between inner membrane and thylakoid
• where sugar is produced
• where DNA and ribosomes are found

Question 33

granum

Answer 33

stacks of thylakoids which hold chlorophyll

Question 34

cell wall

Answer 34

an extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 35

what is the cell wall made out of

Answer 35

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

Question 36

Plasmodesmata

Answer 36

Channels that allow water and small solutes to pass from cell to cell

Question 37

cytoskeleton

Answer 37

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

Question 38

Three types of molecular structures in the cytoskeleton

Answer 38

• microtubules
• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments

Question 39

microtubules

Answer 39

• size: 15-25 nanometers

- flagella, cillia

Question 40

microfilaments

Answer 40

• size: 7 nanometers

- cell shape, cell division

Question 41

intermediate filaments

Answer 41

• size: 8-12 nanometers

Question 42

centrosome

Answer 42

is located in the cytoplasm usually close to the nucleus. It consists of two centrioles.

Question 43

function of the centrosome

Answer 43

to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell.

Question 44

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) functions

Answer 44

Regulation, Adhesion, Movement, Support

RAMS

Question 45

what cellular structures occur in plant cells

Answer 45

Nucleus, peroxisome, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, cytoskeleton

Question 46

what cellular structures occur in animal cells

Answer 46

Nucleus, peroxisome, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Question 47

what cellular structures occur in prokaryotic cells

Answer 47

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome

Question 48

What is a vesicle and how do cells use them?

Answer 48

A vesicle is proteins surrounded by membranes and cells use them to transport materials