Chapter 6

Question 1

How is ACETYLCHOLINE synthesized?

Answer 1

From acetyl coenzyme A and choline

Question 2

How is ACETYLCHOLINE deactivated?

Answer 2

Terminated by AChE which is in the synaptic cleft

Question 3

Two types of ACETYLCHOLINE receptors?

Answer 3

nAChR & mAChR

Question 4

3 characteristics of nAChR?

Answer 4

Ionotropic
Large nonselective pore and generates EPSPs
Large proteins that have 5 subunits and must bind ACh to activate

Question 5

3 characteristics of mAChr?

Answer 5

Metabotropic
K+ channels
Can cause inhibitory effect

Question 6

How is GLUTAMATE synthesized?

Answer 6

Glial cells help create precursors

Question 7

How is GLUTAMATE deactivated?

Answer 7

EAATs remove it from synapse through help of glial cells

Question 8

Two types of GLUTAMATE receptors and what do they share?

Answer 8

NMDA and AMPA are both ionotropic and create EPSPs

Question 9

NMDA receptors allow entry of which ions?

Answer 9

Ca2+, Na+, and K+

Question 10

Mg2+ impact in NMDA receptors?

Answer 10

Blocks channel during hyper-polarization, depolarizing pushes it out of pore allowing ions to move

Question 11

APMA receptors are what?

Answer 11

Made of multiple subunits with different domains, and is assymetrical

Question 12

How are GABA and GLYCINE synthesized?

Answer 12

Through glucose precursor

Question 13

How are GABA and GLYCINE deactivated?

Answer 13

Similar to glutamate, Na+ dependent co-transport

Question 14

Types of GABA receptors

Answer 14

GABAa, GABAb, GABAc

Question 15

How do GABAa and GABAc receptors work?

Answer 15

Ionotropic with GABA gated anion channels

Question 16

How do GABAb receptors work?

Answer 16

Metabotropic and hyperpolarizes cell by activating K+ channels or blocking Ca2+ channels

Question 17

How is GLYCINE synthesized?

Answer 17

From serine

Question 18

How is GLYCINE deactivated?

Answer 18

Rapidly removed using glycine co-transporter

Question 19

The type of GLYCINE receptors?

Answer 19

Ionotropic with ligand-gated Cl- channels

Question 20

All 5 biogenic amines?

Answer 20

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin

Question 21

What is DOPAMINE responsible for?

Answer 21

Motor control and reward

Question 22

What is NOREPINEPHRINE responsible for?

Answer 22

sleep, wakefulness, and hunger

Question 23

Where is EPINEPHRINE found?

Answer 23

lower levels of brain like midbrain and brainstem

Question 24

What is HISTAMINE responsible for?

Answer 24

arousal, attention, brain blood flow

Question 25

What is SEROTONIN responsible for?

Answer 25

mood, sleep, vascular tone

Question 26

Subgroup of biogenic amines that includes 3 neurotransmitters?

Answer 26

Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

Question 27

How are all the Catecholamines synthesized?

Answer 27

All start with tyrosine which goes to DOPA which then goes to DOPAMINE, to NOREPINEPHRINE, to EPINEPHRINE Only moves forward, need certain enzymes for each step

Question 28

How is DOPAMINE deactivated ?

Answer 28

Cleared from synapse by DAT, Na+ co-transporter

Question 29

How do DOPAMINE receptors work?

Answer 29

Metabotropic, GPCR that either activates or inhibits adenylate cyclase

Question 30

How is NOREPINEPHRINE deactivated?

Answer 30

Rapidly cleared from synapse by NET, Na+ co-transport

Question 31

How do NOREPINEPHRINE receptors work?

Answer 31

Metabotropic, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 32

How is EPINEPHRINE deactivated?

Answer 32

Similar to NEpi

Question 33

How do EPINEPHRINE receptors work?

Answer 33

Metabotropic, adrenergic receptors

Question 34

How is HISTAMINE synthesized?

Answer 34

Histidine precursor

Question 35

How are biogenic amines packaged into vesicles?

Answer 35

They are loaded into vesicles by VMAT

Question 36

How do HISTAMINE receptors work?

Answer 36

3 metabotropic receptors

Question 37

How is SEROTONIN synthesized?

Answer 37

From tryptophan

Question 38

How is SEROTONIN deactivated?

Answer 38

Transported back into nerve terminals by SERT (serotonin transporters)

Question 39

How do SEROTONIN receptors work?

Answer 39

Many 5-HT receptors, most metabotropic, but 5-HT3 has ligand gated ion channels

Question 40

Excitable neurotransmitter is needed why?

Answer 40

If you don't have enough, neurons won't reach AP or work right

Question 41

Is SEROTONIN excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 41

Excitatory

Question 42

How are PEPTIDE NTs synthesized (3 steps)

Answer 42

Similar to peptides and proteins 1. starts with pre-propeptide 2. RER removes signal sequence, makes it propeptide now 3. golgi packages propeptide into vesicles, specificity comes from enzymes in golgi

Question 43

What type of receptors do PEPTIDE NTs have?

Answer 43

metabotropic

Question 44

What do PEPTIDE NTs affect in the brain?

Answer 44

regulate basic behaviors, emotions, pain, stress

Question 45

At what levels are PEPTIDE NTs used in the body?

Answer 45

very low concentration, highly regulated

Question 46

How are Unconventional NT used in the body, why, and how?

Answer 46

neuronal signaling, released due to calcium, retrograde transport

Question 47

3 things that Unconventional NT don't do compared to conventional

Answer 47

Not stored in vesicles Not released from pre, NO EXOCYTOSIS Not released at all sometimes

Question 48

Examples of unconventional NT

Answer 48

Endocannabanoids, nitric oxide

Question 49

How is NITRIC OXIDE synthesized?

Answer 49

from arginine

Question 50

How does NITRIC OXIDE work in the body?

Answer 50

Diffuse through plasma membrane affecting nearby cells and activating PKG