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general chemistry > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the octet rule?

A

tendency of atoms to attain a stable e- configuration
(NOT USED W/ TRANSITION ELEMENTS)

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2
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

ve- of metal atoms are transferred to nonmetal atoms
ex: NA stoms lose e- and Cl gains the e- to form NaCl

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3
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

nonmetal atoms share ve-
ex:H2O -> H shares the e- with H

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4
Q

what are ions?

A

form when atoms lose or gain e- to form a stable e- configuration

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5
Q

what are ionic compounds?

A

1+ e- are transferred from metals–>nonmetals which form positive and negative ions

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6
Q

elements on the left side (and in group 3A) ___ e- to form a stable configuration

A

LOSE (form + charge)

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7
Q

elements on the right side ___ e- to form a stable configuration

A

GAIN (form - charge)

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8
Q

what are chemical formulas?

A

represent the symbols + subscripts in the lowest whole # ratio of the atoms or ions
i.e total amt. of positive charge = total amt. of negative charge

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9
Q

what is a formula unit?

A

lowest ratio of ions

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10
Q

what is the formula for HYDROXIDE?

A

OH-

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11
Q

what is the formula for AMMONIUM?

A

NH4+

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12
Q

what is the formula for NITRATE?

A

NO3-

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13
Q

what is the formula for NITRITE?

A

NO2-

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14
Q

what is the formula for PERCHLORATE?

A

ClO4-

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15
Q

what is the formula for CHLORATE?

A

ClO3-

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16
Q

what is the formula for CHLORITE?

A

ClO2-

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17
Q

what is the formula for HYPOCHLORITE?

A

ClO-

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18
Q

what is the formula for CARBONATE?

A

CO3 2-

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19
Q

what is the formula for HYDROGEN CARBONATE (aka bicarbonate)

A

HCO3-

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20
Q

what is the formula for CYANIDE?

A

CN-

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21
Q

what is the formula for ACETATE?

A

C2H3O2-

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22
Q

what is the formula for SULFATE?

A

SO4 2-

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23
Q

what is the formula for HYDROGEN SULFATE? (aka bisulfate)

A

HSO4-

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24
Q

what is the formula SULFITE?

A

SO3-

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25
what is the formula for HYDROGEN SULFITE? (aka bisulfite)
HSO3-
26
what is the formula for PHOSPHATE?
PO4 3-
27
what is the formula for HYDROGEN SULFATE?
HPO4 2-
28
what is the formula for DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE?
H2PO4 2-
29
what is the formula for PHOSPHITE?
PO3 3-
30
what is happening when the prefixes go from per -> -ate -> -ite -> hypo?
losing an oxygen
31
what is happening when the prefixes go from hypo -> -ite -> -ate -> per-?
gaining an oxygen
32
how many oxygens are typically in something that ends in -ite?
2
33
how many oxygens are typically in something that ends -ate?
3
34
how many oxygens are typically in something that begins with hypo-?
1
35
how many oxygens are typically in something that begins with per-?
4
36
what are polyatomic ions?
group of covalently bonded atoms that has an overall charge
37
what is a molecular compound?
atoms of 2+ nonmetals that share 1+ ve- held together by a covalent bond (b/w 2 nonmetals)
38
what are molecules?
discrete groups of atoms in a definite proportion
39
prefix for 1?
mono
40
prefix for 2?
di
41
prefix for 3?
tri
42
prefix for 4?
tetra
43
prefix for 5?
penta
44
prefix for 6?
hexa
45
prefix for 7?
hepta
46
prefix for 8?
octa
47
prefix for 9?
nona
48
prefix for 10?
deca
49
when is an ionic bond formed?
metal + nonmetal
50
when is a molecular bond formed?
nonmetal + nonmetal
51
what is a bonding pair?
shared e-s 2 dots or a single line b/w atoms
52
what is a lone pair?
nonbonding pairs placed outside of an atom (rep as dots)
53
what are diatomic atoms?
contain 2 like atoms (natural state of some)
54
what are examples of diatomic atoms?
N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, H2
55
what is a double bond?
when 2 pairs of e- are shared b/w 2 atoms
56
what is a triple bond?
when 3 pairs of e- are shared b/w 2 atoms
57
what factor determines which atom is the central atom?
whichever atom has the highest bonding capacity typically C -> O -> N
58
what is electronegativity?
ability to attract the shared e- in a chemical bond nonmetals have higher e-neg. bcz they have a higher e- attraction
59
what is a NONpolar covalent bond?
covalent bonds b/w atoms w/ IDENTICAL or V. SIMILAR e-neg. values
60
what are the e-neg. difference values for a nonpolar covalent bond?
0-0.4
61
what are polar covalent bonds?
covalent bonds b/w atoms with DIFFERENT e-neg. values i.e e- shared unequally -> attracted to the more e-neg. atom
62
what are the e-neg. difference values for a polar covalent bond?
0.5-1.8
63
what is a dipole?
polar covalent bond that has a separation of charges + indicated by µ+ or µ- also rep. by an arrow pointing to the more e-neg. atom
64
when do dipoles occur?
typically in covalent bonds containing N, O, or F
65
what is the valence shell e- pair repulsion theory?
e- groups are arranged as far a part as possible around the central atoms to minimize repulsion (atoms saying "ew" to atoms of like charges)
66
which elements are exceptions to the octet rule?
Sulfur, Boron, Beryllium, and Hydrogen
67
how many e- can surround Boron?
6 (form 3 bonds)
68
how many e- can surround Hydrogen?
2 (forms 1 bond)
69
how many e- can surround Sulfur?
10 (forms 5 bonds)
70
how many e- can surround Beryllium?
4 (forms 2 bonds)
71
what are the e-neg. difference values for ionic bonds
1.9+
72
what is a nonpolar molecule?
all bonds are nonpolar OR all polar molecules cancel eachother out (dipoles point in opposite directions)
73
what is a polar molecule?
one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end
74
what are dipole-dipole attractions?
(occur in polar molecules) intermolecular forces occur b/w the positive end of one molecule + the negative end of another
75
what is a hydrogen bond?
occurs b/w partially pos. hydrogen atom in one molecule + the partially neg. F/O/N *strongest type of IMF b/w polar covalent molecules
76
what is a dipersion force?
very weak attraction + only IMF that occur b/w NONpolar molecules
77
what is a temporary dipole?
when movement of the e- (which are normally =ly distributed) may place more of them in one part of the molecule align the molecules so that the pos. end of one molecule = attracted to the neg. end of another molecule

general chemistry (4 decks)

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