Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Is the process that allows for enduring changes in both the brain and behavior as a result of prior experience

Question 2

Nonassociative!

Answer 2

learning involves an increased or decreased response to a repeated stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

involves making connections between stimuli and the behavioral responses to them

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

An organism reflexive response to a repeated stimulus becomes weaker

Question 5

Sensitization!

Answer 5

An organism reflexive response to a repeated stimulus becomes stronger

Question 6

Dishabituation

Answer 6

When a response that was weakened by habitation is restored to its initial strength so the person responds to the old stimulus as if it were new again.

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

is an active form of associative learning and is related to changes in voluntary behaviors.

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

is a passive form of associative learning where an involuntary response to a stimulus—that is, a reflex—becomes associated with a new stimulus.

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

is a passive form of associative learning where an involuntary response to a stimulus—that is, a reflex—becomes associated with a new stimulus.

Question 10

Unconditioned response

Answer 10

then, is the response that is automatically generated by the US

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 11

stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

Question 12

Conditioned response

Answer 12

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus

Question 13

Acquisition!

Answer 13

is the initial learning of the US-CS link in classical conditioning. This is the phase where the pairing of the US and the neutral stimulus is introduced, such as the pairing of the food and the bell.

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

is the initial learning of the US-CS link in classical conditioning. This is the phase where the pairing of the US and the neutral stimulus is introduced, such as the pairing of the food and the bell.

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

occurs when we learn to respond to a particular stimulus but not to similar stimuli

Question 16

Extinction

Answer 16

doesn’t elicit a response no more

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 17

is observed when an extinct behavior reappears after a delay.

Question 18

Blocking!

Answer 18

a process in which one’s flow of thought or speech is suddenly interrupted

Question 19

Preparedness

Answer 19

is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn some associations more quickly than other associations

Question 20

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 20

this survival mechanism often follows a wicked bout of food poisoning

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

is a mechanism by which our behavior operates on the environment, acting as an instrument or tool for us to change it

Question 22

ABC of operant conditioning

Answer 22

Antecedents Behavior and Consequences.

Question 23

Antecedents

Answer 23

Are the stimuli that precede the behavior and signal the consequence

Question 24

Behavior

Answer 24

Learning cannot influence behavior

Question 25

Consequences

Answer 25

Consequences of behavior

Question 26

Law of effect

Answer 26

Stating the behavior is a function of its consequences

Question 27

Reinforcement

Answer 27

Refers to an increased likeihood of a behavior being repeated

Question 28

Punishment

Answer 28

Refers to the decreased likelihood of a behavior being repeated

Question 29

Primary reinforcers

Question 30

Preparedness

Answer 30

is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn some associations more quickly than other associations.

Question 31

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 31

In humans, this survival mechanism often follows a wicked bout of food poisoning

Question 32

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 32

are learned, acquiring value through experience because of their association with primary reinforcers

Question 33

positive

Answer 33

form of operant conditioning, your behavior leads to a stimulus being presented.

Question 34

negative

Answer 34

stimulus being removed.

Question 35

positive reinforcement

Answer 35

the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a reinforcing stimulus

Question 36

negative reinforcement

Answer 36

increases the probability of a behavior by avoiding or removing an outcome

Question 37

positive punishment

Answer 37

adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior

Question 38

negative punishment

Answer 38

decreases a behavior by removing a stimulus

Question 39

Premack principle

Answer 39

You must finish reading this chapter(less preferred behavior) until you can go to sleep (preferred behavior)

Question 40

Delayed reinforcement

Answer 40

grounded or detention

Question 41

shaping

Answer 41

gradually changes random behaviors into a desired target behavior by what is called the reinforcement of successive approximations

Question 42

instinctive drift

Answer 42

animal reverts to evolutionarily derived behaviors instead of demonstrating the newly learned responses

Question 43

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 43

where a behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

Question 44

partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 44

behavior is rewarded only some of the time

Question 45

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 45

which requires a specific number of behaviors before a reward is given

Question 46

variable ratio schedule

Answer 46

which reinforces an average number of behaviors

Question 47

fixed interval schedule

Answer 47

reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time

Question 48

variable-interval

Answer 48

where a response is reinforced based on an average amount of time elapsed

Question 49

superstitious conditioning

Answer 49

A behavior was considered superstitious if it developed after coincidental reinforcement began and increased during the intervals between reinforcement

Question 50

latent learning

Answer 50

no behavior is reinforced—that is, without an incentive stimulus (such as a food reward) and without any clear motivation or need to learn

Question 51

insight learning

Answer 51

come to an understanding of the solution

Question 52

observational learning

Answer 52

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates a behavior from a model

Question 53

imitation

Answer 53

purposeful copying of a behavior

Question 54

mirror neurons

Answer 54

Our ability to imitate, learn, and understand the actions of others may be supported by a specialized matching e act and when we observe the same action

Question 55

social learning theory

Answer 55

to describe the observational learning he witnessed in children Albert Bandura

Question 56

Cultural transmission

Answer 56

transfer of information from one generation to another that is maintained not by genetics but by teaching and learning

Question 57

vertical transmission

Answer 57

culture occurs when skills are transferred from parent to offspring, such as when children learn a language from their parents

Question 58

Horizontal transmission

Answer 58

of culture is social learning between peers

Question 59

diffusion chain

Answer 59

where individuals learn a behavior by observing a model and then serve as models from which other individuals can learn