Chapter 6

Question 1

what are the 5 factors to personality

Answer 1

neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, agreeableness

Question 2

anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable, sensitivity to reward

Answer 2

neuroticism

Question 3

diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable

Answer 3

conscientiousness

Question 4

outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious

Answer 4

extraversion

Question 5

curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, unconventional attitudes

Answer 5

openness

Question 6

sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward

Answer 6

agreeableness

Question 7

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior

Answer 7

behaviorism

Question 8

pairing two things that did not previously go together and eliciting a response

Answer 8

classical conditioning

Question 9

a form of learning in which a voluntary response comes to be controlled by their consequences

Answer 9

operant conditioning

Question 10

happens when a person or animals response to the environment is influenced by observing others who are referred to as models

Answer 10

observational learning

Question 11

what is the importance of self-efficacy

Answer 11

belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 12

theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their free will and their potential for personal growth

Answer 12

humanism

Question 13

what is the emphasis on the humanistic perspective

Answer 13

individuals have the freedom to chart their courses of action and are not pawns in the environment

Question 14

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 14

self-actualization
esteem
love and belonging
safety
psychological needs

Question 15

an organized collection of beliefs about the self

Answer 15

self-concept

Question 16

qualities people think they people

Answer 16

actual self

Question 17

qualities people would like to have

Answer 17

ideal self

Question 18

qualities people think they should have

Answer 18

ought self

Question 19

mismatches between the actual, ideal, and ought selves

Answer 19

self-discrepancies

Question 20

falling short of the ideal

Answer 20

dejected and sad

Question 21

falling short of the ought

Answer 21

irritable and guilty

Question 22

we choose to reference groups of superior quality

Answer 22

upward social comparison

Question 23

we choose inferior groups as reference

Answer 23

downward social comparison

Question 24

ones overall assessment of one’s worth

Answer 24

self esteem

Question 25

an eduring sense of confidence

Answer 25

self esteem triat

Question 26

dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation

Answer 26

self esteem state

Question 27

cognitive processes affect the ability to maintain a view of the self

Answer 27

self perception

Question 28

default mode, not much deliberate decision making

Answer 28

automatic self perception

Question 29

active thinking required for important decisions

Answer 29

controlled self perception

Question 30

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior

Answer 30

internal/external stable/unstable controllable/uncontrollable

Question 31

tendency to use suminal causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one's life

Answer 31

explanatory style

Question 32

attributes setbacks to external, unstable, specific factors

Answer 32

optimistic explanatory style

Question 33

attribute setbacks to internal, stable, global factors

Answer 33

pessimistic explanatory style

Question 34

what are the two motives that guide self-understanding

Answer 34

self-assessment, self-enhancement

Question 35

desire for truthful information about the self

Answer 35

self assessment

Question 36

desire to maintain positive feelings about the self

Answer 36

self enhancement

Question 37

tendency to attribute one's success to personal factors and failures to situational factors

Answer 37

self serving bias

Question 38

tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful

Answer 38

basking in reflected glory

Question 39

tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure

Answer 39

self handicapping

Question 40

the process of directing and controlling one's behavior

Answer 40

self regulation

Question 41

seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest

Answer 41

self-defeating behaviors

Question 42

forms of self-defeating behaviors

Answer 42

deliberate self destruction trade offs counterproductive strategies

Question 43

short-term, potentially harmful behaviors used to pursue a goal

Answer 43

trade offs

Question 44

persisting in ineffective strategies to achieve a goal

Answer 44

counterproductive strategies