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microbiology chapter 6 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

describe heterotrophs.

A

a heterotroph is an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form.

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2
Q

describe autotrophs.

A

an autotroph is an organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source.

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3
Q

what are phototrophs?

A

microbes that photosynthesize (create energy from sunlight)

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4
Q

what are chemotrophs?

A

microbes that get their energy from chemical compounds.

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5
Q

photoautotrophs

A

are photosynthetic, captures the energy of light rays and transform into chemical energy that can be used in cell metabolism.

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6
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

are of two types; chemo organic autotrophs –use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source.

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7
Q

lithoautotroph

A

type of chemoautotroph; requires neither sunlight nor organic nutrients; relies solely on inorganic minerals.

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8
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds. these microorganisms belong to both saprobes and parasite to obtain their organic nutrients.

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9
Q

saprobes

A

occupy as decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes.

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10
Q

parasites

A

live in or on the body of a host

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11
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites which live in organs and tissues

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12
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites which live on the body externally

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13
Q

pathogen

A

another term for a parasite; cause damage to tissues (disease) or even death

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14
Q

intracellular parasites

A

parasites which live within cells and are the most extreme type.

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15
Q

obligate parasites

A

parasites which are unable to grow outside of a living host

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16
Q

diffusion

A

the process by which atoms or molecules move in gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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17
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane

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18
Q

isotonic solutions

A

have a tonicity that is the same as the body’s plasma. when administered, there will be very little movement, if any, between the body tissues and the blood vessels.

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19
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

have a tonicity that is higher than the body plasma. when administered it will cause water to shift from the extravascular spaces into the bloodstream to increase the intravascular volume–this is how the body attempts to dilute higher concentration of electrolytes in the IV fluid

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20
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

have a tonicity that is lower than the body plasma, causing water to shift from the intravascular to extravascular space, and eventually into the cell tissues–in this case, the body moves water from the intravascular space to the cells in order to dilute electrolytes in the cells.

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21
Q

transport

A

the process of moving molecules in or out of a cell

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22
Q

active transport

A

transports nutrients against the diffusion gradient or in the same direction as the natural gradient , but that a rate faster than by diffusion alone

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23
Q

endocytosis

A

the process by which substances are carried into the cell, cell encloses the substance in its, membrane and at the same time, it forms a vacuole and engulfs it.

24
Q

phagocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis in which amoebas and certain white blood cells ingest whole cells or large solid matter. CELL EATERS

25
Q

pinocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis and is the process

26
Q

pinocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis and is the process in which liquids, such as oils or molecules in solution, enter the cell. CELL DRINKING

27
Q

three cardinal temperatures

A

temperatures for the growth of a given microbial species minimum temperature
maximum temperature
optimum temperature

28
Q

minimum temperature

A

the lowest possible temp. at which a microbes growth and metabolism is permitted

29
Q

maximum temperature

A

the highest possible temperature at which a microbes growth and metabolism is permitted.

30
Q

optimum temperature

A

small temp. range – between minimum and maximum
promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism

31
Q

obligate arobes

A

requires air

32
Q

microaerophile

A

less air. microorganisms that require less air

33
Q

obligate arobes

A

requires air. humans we need air!

34
Q

acidophiles

A

organisms that thrive in acidic environments

35
Q

alkalinophiles

A

organisms that thrive in alkaline (basic) environments

36
Q

osmophiles

A

live in habitats with a high solute concentration.

37
Q

halophiles

A

halo = salt. osmophile that prefer concentrations of salt.

38
Q

barophiles

A

deep sea microbes that are adapted to high pressure environments

39
Q

essential nutrients

A

any substance that must be provided to an organism

40
Q

symbiosis

A

organisms live together, think partnership

41
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms’ benefit.

42
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, one is left alone.

43
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits, one is harmed

44
Q

non-symbiotic relationship

A

when organisms are not together – no partnership

45
Q

synergism

A

organisms work together and share nutrients

46
Q

antagonism

A

organisms harmed by others

47
Q

binary fission

A

one parent cell becomes two daughter cells

48
Q

lag phase

A

inoculation occurs, cells begin to multiply.

49
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth

50
Q

stationary phase

A

when growth is consistent

51
Q

death phase

A

when bacteria dies and no more growth

52
Q

long term stationary phase

A

dormant– microorganisms will not grow

53
Q

psychrophile

A

bacteria prefer cold, thriving at temperatures below 15 degree celciums

54
Q

mesophiles

A

meso, middle, moderate, bacteria that grow in MODERATE temperatures.

55
Q

thermophiles

A

bacteria grow in HOT temperatures greater than 40 degrees.

56
Q

neutrophiles

A

bacteria likes neutral environments

microbiology chapter 6 (1 decks)

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