Chapter 6

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

learning that occurs through involuntary paired associations. Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus to cause a conditioned response that is identical to the unconditioned response

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning

Question 3

Experimentally demonstrated how the emotion of fear could be classically conditioned

Answer 3

Little Albert (John Watson)

Question 4

A learned response not only to the original stimulus but other similar stimuli as well

Answer 4

Stimulus Generalization

Question 5

Learning and behavior is determined by the rewards and punishments of the environment

Answer 5

Operant Conditioning

Question 6

Any procedure that increases the probability of a response occurring again

Answer 6

Reinforcement (reward)

Question 7

Any procedure that decreases the probability of a response occurring again.

Answer 7

Punishment

Question 8

A behavior followed by a pleasant consequence will be repeated and a behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence will stop

Answer 8

Law Of Effect (Edward Thorndike)

Question 9

A behavior that is repeated because it is thought to cause a desired effect, even though there is no connection between the behavior and the effect

Answer 9

Superstitious Behavior

Question 10

Pigeons repeated a behavior over and over again to get a food pellet (desired effect) even though their behavior wasn’t necessary to get the food pellet - there was no connection between their behavior and the desired effect

Answer 10

Skinner Pigeon Experiment

Question 11

Known as the Cognitive-Social Learning Theory (Or Imitation or Modeling). Learning by observing the behaviors of others

Answer 11

Observational learning

Question 12

Children learn aggressive behavior by observing aggressive models.

Answer 12

Bandura Study

Question 13

must attend or pay attention to the model

Answer 13

Attend (Four Processes)

Question 14

must remember the observed behavior

Answer 14

Remember (Four Processes)

Question 15

Must be able to reproduce the observed behavior

Answer 15

Reproduce (Four Processes)

Question 16

Must be motivated to reproduce the observed behavior. More likely to repeat a behavior if the model was reinforced

Answer 16

Motivation (Four Processes)

Question 17

Provides models of violence and will increase violent behavior

Answer 17

Social Learning Model

Question 18

Serves as a release for hostility and aggression and will decrease violent behavior

Answer 18

Cathartic Model

Question 19

The ability to think rationally, learn from experience, and to deal effectively with the environment

Answer 19

Intelligence

Question 20

Suggests a single, innate, underlying ability or trait that determines intelligence in all areas. This ability or trait is labeled as “g”. Theoretically the more “g” you have the more intelligent you are

Answer 20

Charles Spearman’s General Factor Theory

Question 21

Suggests there are two types of intellectual abilities that exist: Fluid abilities and Crystallized Abilities.

Answer 21

Raymond Cattall’s Theory of Intelligence

Question 22

Intellectual abilities that underlie, or account for much of our intelligent behaviors- similar to spearmans ‘g’. These abilities are innate, not learned. They are independent of education and experience. They decline with age. Include reasoning abilities, problem solving, memory, speed of information.

Answer 22

Fluid Abilities

Question 23

Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. Learned, not innate. These abilities will increase and increase with age. Abilities include: vocabulary, general information or knowledge, mathematical skills

Answer 23

Crystallized Abilities

Question 24

Human intelligence consists of 9 separate areas of abilities. Ex: Logical-Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Spiritual/Existential.

Answer 24

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Question 25

Does knowing students intellectual abilities influence teachers. Study done in 1968 by Robert Rosenthal and Eleanor Jacobsen but still applicable today. Resulted in the pygmalion effect which is exceptional progress by a student as a result of higher teacher expectations.

Answer 25

Rosenthal-Jacobsen Effect

Question 26

A groundless expectation that is confirmed because it has been expected

Answer 26

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Question 27

Measured intelligence had increased in most industrialized countries

Answer 27

The Flynn Effect

Question 28

The ability to produce valuable or useful outcomes in an original new way

Answer 28

Creativity

Question 29

seeing unique or different solutions to a problem

Answer 29

Originality (3 characteristics of creativity)

Question 30

Generating a large number of possible solutions

Answer 30

Fluency (3 characteristics of creativity)

Question 31

Shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another.

Answer 31

Flexibility (3 characteristics of creativity)

Question 32

How situational factors and other people affect our behaviors

Answer 32

Social Influence

Question 33

a change in thoughts, feelings, actions, or behaviors due to real or imagined group pressure

Answer 33

Conformity

Question 34

to test the degree of conformity. More than one third conformed, agreeing to the obviously wrong answer

Answer 34

Solomon Asch Study

Question 35

Conformity stems from the need for approval and acceptance by the group

Answer 35

Normative Social Influence

Question 36

Conforming because of a need for information and direction

Answer 36

Informational Social Influence

Question 37

Conforming to people or groups because we admire them and want to be like them

Answer 37

Reference Groups

Question 38

Following a direct command, usually from someone in a position of authority

Answer 38

Obedience

Question 39

He told the subjects he was doing a study on the effects of punishment on learning and memory. He was actually investigating obedience to authority.

Answer 39

Standle Milgram’s famous experiment

Question 40

What percent of the teacher participants obeyed completely going all the way to the end of the shock scale?

Answer 40

65%

Question 41

Legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure, closeness/remoteness of the victim. Assignment of responsibility. Modeling or imitating objects

Answer 41

Factors in Obedience