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organizational management > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

It encompasses factors and trends related to governmental activities, specific laws and regulations that affect the global firms

A

Political-Legal Environment

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2
Q

It is closely tied to social and economic environements

A

Political-Legal Environment

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3
Q

It is a set of laws and regulations, including processes by which its laws are enacted and enforced in ways its courts hold parties accountable for their actions.

A

Legal System

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4
Q

Legal systems are frequently influenced by political moods and upsurges of _____.

A

Nationalism

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5
Q

The devotion of people to their nation’s interest and advancement

A

Nationalism

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6
Q

Have their origin in the Roman legal
tradition.

A

Civil Law

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7
Q

Nations with civil law systems
have ______.

A

comprehensive, frequently updated legal codes

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8
Q

secondary source in these
jurisdictions (civil law legal system)

A

Case Law

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9
Q

while they often have statutes, rely
more on precedent, judicial decisions that have already
been made.

A

Common Law System

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10
Q

are adversarial, rather
than investigatory, with the judge moderating between two
opposing parties.

A

Common Law System

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11
Q

are based on patterns of
behavior (or customs) that have come to be accepted as
legal requirements or rules of conduct within a particular
country

A

Customary law systems

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12
Q

The laws of customary legal systems are usually
unwritten and are often dispensed by elders, passed
down through generations.

A

Customary law systems

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13
Q

can be
found in mixed legal system jurisdictions, where they’ve
combined with civil or common law.

A

Customary law systems

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14
Q

are systems where the law
emanates from texts or traditions within a given religious
tradition.

A

Religious Legal Systems

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15
Q

refer to legal systems where two or
more of the above legal systems work together.

A

Mixed Legal System

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16
Q

The practice of ____ originated in eleventh-century England and was adopted in that nation’s territories worldwide.

A

common law

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17
Q

A common three elements:

A

Tradition
Precedent
Usage

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18
Q

A country’s legal history

A

Tradition

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19
Q

Past cases that have come before the courts

A

Precedent

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20
Q

How laws are applied in specific situations.

A

Usage

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21
Q

The common-law tradition prevails in these countries

A

Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United States, some nations in Asia and Africa

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22
Q

can be traced to Rome in the fifth century B.C.
It is the world’s oldest and most common legal tradition.

A

Civil law

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23
Q

A ____ is based on a detailed set of written rules and statutes that constitute a legal code.

_____ can be less adversarial that common law because there tends to be less need to interpret what a particular law states.

A

Civil Law

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24
Q

Civil law is practiced in these countries:

A

Cuba, Puerto Rico, Quebec, all of Central and South America, most of Western Europe, and many nations in Asia and Africa.

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25
Q

A legal tradition based on religious teachings is called

A

Theocratic Law.

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26
Q

Three prominent theocratic legal systems are

A

Islamic, Hindu, and Jewish law.

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27
Q

Companies must adapt to dissimilar legal systems because there is no clearly def ined body of international law that all nations accept. There is a movement toward _____ the interpretation and application of laws in more that one country, but this does not involve standardizing entire legal systems

A

standardizing, standardization

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28
Q

International Organizations that promote standardization include

A

United Nations (UN),
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law.

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29
Q

includes the structures, processes, and activities by which a nation governs itself.

A

A political system

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30
Q

Japan’s political system, for instance, features a _____ that chooses a prime minister who will carry out the operations of government with the help of Cabinet ministers.

A

Diet (Parliament)

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31
Q

The belief that every aspect of people’s lives must be controlled for a nation’s political system to be effective.

A

Totalitarianism

32
Q

Totalitarian political systems include authoritarianism regimes such as _______

A

communism and fascism.

33
Q

The belief that only individuals and private groups should control a nation’s political activities.

A

Anarchism

34
Q

The belief that both private and public groups play important roles in a nation’s activities.

A

Pluralism

35
Q

Pluralistic political systems include .

A

democracies,
constitutional monarchies and
some aristocracies

36
Q

is a political system in which government leaders are elected directly by wide participation of the people or by their representatives.

A

Democracy

37
Q

Two types of Democracy

A

Direct Democracy
Representative Democracy

38
Q

Technically, every citizen has an equal say in the workings of government. (The qualifications for being considered a citizen are completely different.)

Citizens could show up at a meeting, and then directly participate in the governing process, and the process of making laws.

A

Direct Democracy

39
Q

a type of democracy in which citizens elect individuals from groups to represent their political views

A

Representative Democracy

40
Q

is a political system in which the government remains mostly subject to those governed.

A

republic

41
Q

Types of republic

A

Crowned (a constitutional monarchy might be considered acrowned republic)
Single Party
Capitalist
Federal (the United States is often referred to as afederal republic) Parliamentary

42
Q

the head of state until he or she abdicates or until death. In many cases a ____ is the final word in government.

A

Monarchy

43
Q

The type that many of us think of as common is the_____, in which the monarch truly has the ultimate say in matters of government.

A

absolute monarchy

44
Q

In this type of monarchy, the ruler is the head of state, but a constitution limits the power, and others make laws.

A

Constitutional Monarch

45
Q

is based on the ideology of communism as taught byMarxand/orLenin

A

communist state

46
Q

Another authoritarian form of government is the.

A

Dictatorship

47
Q

One of the more common types of dictatorship is the______ in which a military organization governs, running the political system.

A

military dictatorship,

48
Q

generally features the private ownership of the means of production (capital) and amarket economyfor coordination.

A

Capitalism

49
Q

Some criticshave applied the term______to the power imbalance between multi-national corporations operating in afree marketvs. seemingly impoverished people indeveloping countries.

A

neo-colonialism

50
Q

(all of which featuresocial ownershipof themeans of production) can be subdivided by their coordinating mechanism (planning and markets) intoplanned socialistandmarket socialistsystems.

A

Socialist economic systems

51
Q

is a hypothetical stage of socialist development articulated by Karl Marx as “second stage socialism” inCritique of the Gotha Program, whereby the economic output is distributed based on need and not simply on the basis of labor contribution.

A

Communism

52
Q

Belief that social and economic equality can be obtained only by establishing an allpowerful Communist Party by granting the government ownership and control over all types of economic activity.

A

Communism

53
Q

Belief that social and economic equality is obtained through government ownership and regulation of the means of production.

A

Socialism

54
Q

generally refers to market economies with substantial state interventionism and/or sizable public sector alongside a dominant private sector

A

Mixed economy

55
Q

Theoretically, it may refer to an economic system that combines one of three characteristics: public and private ownership of industry, market-based allocation with economic planning, or free markets with state interventionism.

A

Mixed economy

56
Q

The likelihood that a society will undergo political changes that negatively affect local business activity.

A

Political risk

57
Q

Types of Political Risk

A

Macro risk
Micro risk

58
Q

threatens the activities of all domestic and international companies in every industry.

A

Macro Risk

59
Q

threatens companies within a particular industry (or more narrowly defined group)

A

Micro risk

60
Q

we classify political risk according to actions or events that cause it to rise, including:-

A

conflict and violence
terrorism and kidnapping
property seizure
policy changes
local content require ments

61
Q

Property Seizure

A

Confiscation
Expropriation
Nationalization

62
Q

The forced transfer of assets from a company to the government without compensation is called

A

confiscation.

63
Q

allows the U.S. businesses to sue companies from other nations that use their property that Cuba confiscated in its 1969 communist revolution.

A

1996 Helms-Burton Law

64
Q

The forced transfer of assets from a company to the government with compensation is called .

A

expropriation

65
Q

means government takeover of an entire industry

A

nationalization

66
Q

Property that results from people’s intellectual talent is called

A

intellectual property.

67
Q

property right granted to the inventor of a product or processes that excludes others from making, using or selling the invention.

A

PATENT

68
Q

property right in the form of words or symbols that distinguish a product and its manufacturer.

A

TRADEMARK

69
Q

property right giving creators of original works the freedom to publish or dispose of them as they choose.

A

COPYRIGHT

70
Q

Copyrights are protected under the _____, which is an international copyright treaty to which United States is a member, and the 1954 Universal Copyright Convention.

A

Berne Convention

71
Q

Fake goods

A

Counterfeit

72
Q

describes the act of reproducing movies, music, books or other copyrighted works without permission from the copyright owner.

A

“piracy”

73
Q

are regulations that monitor the distribution ofeconomicpower in business, making sure that healthy competition is allowed to flourish and economies can grow.

A

Antitrust laws

74
Q

Laws designed to prevent companies from fixing prices, sharing markets, and gaining unfair monopoly advantages are called

A

antitrust (anti monopoly) laws.

75
Q

the three pivotal laws in the history of antitrust regulation.

A

The Sherman Commission Act,
the Federal Trade Act and
the Clayton Act are

organizational management (3 decks)

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