chapter 6

Question 1

define personality

Answer 1

a range of characteristics , thoughts and feelings and behaviours that make a person unique

Question 2

define traits

Answer 2

they are your stable , underlying aspects of personality we are born with innate characteristics called traits

Question 3

what is the trait theory

Answer 3

attempts to predict behaviour because it says that sports people always behave in the same way in sports situations so this becomes predictable

Question 4

what is the social learning thoery

Answer 4

perosnonality is learnt from significant others / role models (parents or friends)
through the process of socialisation
personality traits that are reinforced are more likely to be learnt
people learn through observing and coping others
OBSERVE - IDENTIFY - REINFORCE - COPY E.G USAIN BOTLS DAB

Question 5

define attitudes

Answer 5

a value aimed at an attidute object

Question 6

define trait theory

Answer 6

a theory which suggests that innate characteristics produce consistent behaviour

Question 7

define interactionists prospective

Answer 7

a theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviour in a specific situation

Question 8

define extrovert

Answer 8

extroverts have loud and bright personalities

Question 9

what is the Lewin approach to personality

Answer 9

F(PXE)
behaviour is a function of personality and the environment. the interactionist approach attempts to help coaches by predicting how a player will react in a specific situation. the idea is that since inherent , consistent traits can be adapted to the situation, those traits will produce a typical response

Question 10

what is the Hollander approach to interactionist theory

Answer 10

personality is made up by 3 features

1. core of the performer , the typical responses and the role related behaviour . core represents values and beliefs of the individual. core is stable and solid and not likely to change
2. typical responses , the use of inherent traits displayed to specific situations
3. role related behaviour , suggest that the performer might adopt to a very specific role when the situation demands it.

Question 11

how might a coach use information from the interactionist theory help improve performance ?

Answer 11

1. allows the coach to predict certain situations. e.g players getting hot headed and substituting them before this becomes an issue
2. identify specific situations that cause poor performance and stimulate these in training to help a player cope
3. help offer advice and support from situations that are likely to occur such a penalty in football

Question 12

what is the credulous approach

Answer 12

when the link between personality and behaviour is accepted

Question 13

what is the sceptical approach

Answer 13

when the link between personality and behaviour is doubted

Question 14

how do we form an attitude

Answer 14

attitudes are developed by associating with others and picking up on their opinions and values a process called socialisation
we tend to pick these up from significant others such as friends parents and role models

Question 15

what are the 3 components of attitude in the triadic model

Answer 15

Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural

Question 16

what is the cognitive part of attitude

Answer 16

represents your beliefs

Question 17

what is the affective part of attitude

Answer 17

concerns the feelings and emotions of the player and how those feelings are interpreted

Question 18

what is the behavioural part of attitude

Answer 18

shows the actions and habits of the performer

Question 19

what are the two concepts used to change attitudes

Answer 19

cognitive dissonance
persuasive communication

Question 20

what is cognitive dissonance (how does it work)

Answer 20

the coach attempts to put pressure on one or more of the attitude components so that the performer becomes uneasy (psychological discomfort ) and is motivated to change their existing attitude , so that discomfort is resolved

Question 21

define cognitive dissonance

Answer 21

when new information is given to a performer to cause unease and motivate change

Question 22

what are the 3 smaller ways in cognitive dissonance that attitude can be changed

Answer 22

1. making the activity fun and varying practice which may make session more enjoyable as if the activity is more fun than first thought , it may help to change their opinion
   2.using rewards and reinforcement may increase the turnout at training and at games if their is a prize for player of the week
   3.the coach could bring in a specialist or role model player from another club to encourage participation

Question 23

what is the definition of persuasion

Answer 23

an effective communication to promote change

Question 24

what is persuasive communication

Answer 24

the communication to the performer needs to be relevant and important and the message given needs to be understood
the giver of the message/ communication also needs to be of high status perhaps a role mode or an expert so the impact of the message is high
the coach may also need to think of their timing when attempting to persuade the athlete to change their attitude

Question 25

define arousal

Answer 25

a level of activation , a degree of readiness to perform

Question 26

what does the drive theory state

Answer 26

as arousal increases so does performance p=f(dxh) increased motivation causes increased drive

Question 27

define dominant response

Answer 27

the stand out response that the performer thinks is correct

Question 28

why might the drive theory be incorrect and correct when talking about a dominant response

Answer 28

may be incorrect as increased drive does not always improve performance. it is unrealistic to suggest that performance always keeps improving.at high arousal less information is processed and the performer tends to concentrate on the "dominant response" - the response thought to be correct. in experts the the dominant response is usually correct and performance levels remain high however with beginners the dominant response may not be developed so the beginner may choose the wrong option and the probability of poor performance increases.

Question 29

what happens if the task is complex for the drive theory

Answer 29

performance may be impaired because there is a lot of info to process and think about , yet at high arousal the ability to processes this info reduces and some important cues could be ignored.

Question 30

what happens if the task is simple for the drive theory

Answer 30

simple task does not require much thinking and cab be performed well at high levels of arousal

Question 31

define the inverted u theory

Answer 31

theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal

Question 32

define the catastrophe theory

Answer 32

theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal

Question 33

blurt everything you know about the zone of optimal functioning

Answer 33

hanin -suggested that increases in arousal can improve performance and that the optimal level does vary for each individual players from low to high levels , rather than a point of optimal arousal , the best level of arousal for maximum confidence and control in sport is an area or zone

Question 34

what happens when you are in the zone of optimal performace

Answer 34

performance is flowing effortlessly , the athlete feels in control of their actions and totally focused on their performance and the performer reaches a state of supreme confidence and remains calm under pressure

Question 35

blurt the peak flow experience

Answer 35

an extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone ultimate internal experience characterised by a belief in ability to complete the challenge , clear goals , total focus , effortless movement and the feeling of control experience comes from a positive mental attitude high levels of confidence , feeling of relaxation and anxiety control

Question 36

factors that affect peak flow

Answer 36

poor mental preparation and failure to meet optimal arousal , environmental issues e.g pressure from the crowd , the negative affect of injury of fatigue in a game

Question 37

what is competitive trait anxiety

Answer 37

performer perceives competitive situations as threatening. they feel fear before all competitive games regardless of the event or chance of winning the athlete just feels nerves each time

Question 38

what is competitive state anxiety

Answer 38

level of anxiety during competitive situations. this is ore temporary and might be taking a penalty in a hockey game that would mean winning

Question 39

what is cognitive anxiety

Answer 39

pyschological responses / thoughts and worries of performer / doubs in thier ability to complete the task

Question 40

what is somatic anxiety

Answer 40

physiological reposes of a performer , increases hear rate / sweating

Question 41

when does the different types of anxiety come ?

Answer 41

somatic anxiety tends to increase just before a comp or major game is due to begin and reduces as performance is underway cognitive anxiety is present earlier and must be controlled