Chapter 6 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
People engage in eating and substance use behaviours for various reasons, including what reasons?
A
> social pressure, modelling by peers, and other cultural factors.
2
Q
Eating and recreational substance use have high potential to become what type of behaviour (when their response to a situation is negative)? What can occur as a result of them becoming a maladaptive behaviour?
A
> high potential to be maladaptive in response to negative feelings and chal-lenging situations.
> Once a person does this as a response to stress, the behaviours can become habitual responses to negative emotions.
> individual may begin to believe that eating or substance-use behaviours are helpful and essential in the management of personal distress.
3
Q
Define maladaptive behaviours:
A
> Behaviours that interfere with the acquisition or use of skills needed for successful adaption and adjustment to situations
4
Q
Although abnormal patterns of eating and substance use can be pleasurable in the short term, they can have long-term negative outcomes. What are some of those outcomes?
A
> may cause harm to the situation the person is in (i.e. uses drinking to cope but when stressed for an exam drinks too much and as a result doesn’t study)
> may become habitual and as a resort end up as a maladaptive coping mechanism for that person.
5
Q
People often develop problems with maladaptive behaviours (e.g., overeating, smoking, and drug use) at what age?
A
> a relatively young age - but they can develop at any age.
6
Q
How do maladaptive behaviours typically develop and what can they become?
A
> these behaviours are usually acquired over time and may start as experimentation and/or in response to social pressure and influence.
> Many maladaptive behaviours can become excessive and impact a person’s quality of life and his or her family and friends.
7
Q
Eating behaviour, however, can become a cause for concern when it becomes what?
A
> excessive or abnormal.
> In other words, both overeating and undereating can be a cause for concern and may result in an unhealthy dietary lifestyle and pot-entially an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa).
8
Q
How is eating important in life?
A
> is essential for survival
> also plays an important role in social activities and celebrations.
> As a child develops, feeding and nurturing play an important role in the bonding process with parents and caretakers.
> Eating also influences a person’s physiological, psychological, and emotional states.
9
Q
Define healthy eating:
A
> can be defined as a food intake pattern that results in health benefits rather than harm
10
Q
What are common features of a healthy diet?
A
> a diet high in vegetables and fruits
low in saturated fat, sugar, and salt.
Healthy diets are also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (found in sources such as nuts and fish), whole grains and fibre, low-fat or non-fat dairy, fish, legumes, and nuts and low in refined grains and saturated fatty acids
eating the right amount based off of an individuals basal metabolic rate (BMR)
11
Q
What is a basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A
> A person’s specific amount of food energy or calories to maintain bodily function while at rest, called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)(required for each person)
12
Q
What 6 factors affect an individual’s BMR?
A
> age
sex
weight
activity level
body composition
genetics
13
Q
A common way of determining if adults are overweight or underweight is through what method?
A
> Body mass index. Wh
14
Q
What are the scales of the BMI among adults between the ages of 20 and 65 years?
What is underweight, healthy, overweight, obese + morbidly obese?
A
> BMI less than 18.5 = underweight,
18.5 to 24.9 = healthy,
25 to 29.9 as overweight,
30 to 39.9 as obese,
above 40 as extreme or morbidly obese
15
Q
What is the formula for BMI
A
Weight (kg)/[Height (m)]2
16
Q
What are the limitations of the BMI?
A
> an individual with a BMI in the overweight range who maintains a healthy diet and exercises may be more fit than someone with a healthy BMI who is sedentary and eats unhealthy foods
> someone who exercises and lifts weights may have large amounts of muscle resulting in higher BMI but lower body fat compared to someone who does not.
17
Q
What factors influence eating behaviour?
A
> smell or exposure to foods (such as attractive displays of food), and psychological factors, such as stress or boredom, can all influ-ence eating behaviour
18
Q
How do people normally eat?
A
> Generally, people eat when they are hungry and stop eating when they are satisfied.
19
Q
When can maladaptive eating occur? Describe when it is maladaptive when someone over eats, under eats, and excessively diets.
A
> Maladaptive eating behaviour can occur when a person places too much importance on eating and body size and shape
> Overeating resulting in obesity can be maladaptive, as can undereating resulting in malnutrition
> Overeating and excessive dieting can be maladaptive and may be related to eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
20
Q
What is a greater contributor to poor health than malnutrition?
A
> Obesity.
21
Q
Global estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO; 2017a) have shown that how many people are overweight and how many are obese?
A
> 2 billion adults are overweight.
Of these individuals, over 600 million are obese.
22
Q
When did the obesity rate increase in Canada? What population is this emphasized for?
A
> In Canada, prevalence of obesity among adults increased from 6.1 per cent to 18.3 per cent from 1985 to 2011
> increase in obesity is an especially important concern among the Canadian Indigenous populations where relatively higher rates of obesity have been observed -
23
Q
What has caused obesity in indigenous populations?
A
> traditional diet of nutrient-dense game meats have been replaced with high sugar and high fat foods.
> limited access to fresh vegetables and fruits has added to the increased prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases including diabetes
> Reduced participation in traditional activities such as hunting among the Indigenous popu-lation has decreased levels of physical activity
24
Q
What is the average caloric intake for someone in the US across time (specifically from the 1970s to 2006). How about Canada:
A
> total average daily calorie intake increased from 1803 kcal in the 1970s to 2375 kcal by 2006.
Hasn’t increased throughout the same time period.
25
What factors could affect American populations for obesity?
> changes in sleep patterns,
> increased use of medications with weight gain as a side effect,
> food pollutants that can affect our hormonal systems)
26
What are physical impairments as a result of obesity?
> excess weight can lead to mechanical stress on the body and imbalances in hormones and metabolism.
27
A meta-analysis showed that among men and women with a BMI greater than 30, what fold increase occurs for developing type 2 diabetes? What else was found?
> there was a 7-fold and 12-fold increase respectively, in developing type 2 diabetes compared to those in the normal BMI range
> also demonstrated direct associ-ation between high BMI and specific cancers
> BMI was also related to cardiovascular risk factors
28
What are cardiovascular problems associated with obesity?
> Infraction
> stroke
> hypertension
> angina pectoris
> Atherosclerosis
> obesity of the heart
29
What are pancreatic issues associated with obesity?
> diabetes
> cholecystitis
> pancreatitis
> gastritis
> violation of the endocrine function of the pancreas
> urolithiasis disease
> obesity of the liver
> constipation
30
What are bone issues related to obesity?
> gout
> osteoarthritis
> osteochondrosis
> spondylosis
> flat-footedness
31
Socially, what can obesity cause
> impacts a person’s psychological and social functioning.
> often stigmatized by those with whom they interact, including health-care professionals.
> experience increased stress, social alienation, and low self-esteem
32
A meta-analysis of 15 studies involved participants who were followed for over 25 years, and showed that people who were obese had what risk for what mental disorder?
> had a 55 per cent greater risk of developing depression than those who were not obese.
> Furthermore, those who had heightened levels of depressive symptoms to begin with had a 58 per cent greater risk of becoming obese in the longer term
33
Frequently losing and regaining weight is often referred to as what?
> Yo-Yo dieting or weight cycling and can be par-ticularly problematic.
34
What can be said about the empirical basis of dieting?
> Diets are often not evidence-based and may not provide people with an adequate amount of calories and nutrients.
> Some fad diets can result in several negative health consequences.
> When weight loss is expedited, much of the loss can be water and muscle rather than fat tissue.
> People may also have lower nutrient and energy intake due to limited food consumption.
35
What are the outcomes when weight loss is achieved through dieting alone? What percentage of dieters adhering to this method do so over an extended period of time
> only last for a short period of time and there may not be long-term maintenance of the weight loss.
> The percentage of dieters adhering to diet regiments over extended periods of time is generally low
36
One of the main explanations for the lack of long-term weight loss maintenance is what
> is unsuccessful lifestyle change and absence of psychological maintenance inter-ventions following successful diets.
37
Successful weight loss maintenance often involves a focus on the deveopment of what? What skills are required for long-term success?
> the development of individualized, appropriate, and realistic goals for healthier lifestyles
> improved eating habits.
> and the development of coping skillsis typically for long-term success.
38
Unhealthy dieting or weight-cycling behaviour can have physical and psychological implications on the functioning of an individual- what health outcomes occur as a result?
| What physical outcome (contributes to the risk of) + what psych outcome?
> contribute to risk of cardiometabolic diseases, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension
> psychological factors such as depression and anxiety may increase the risk of over-eating, which, in turn, could increase anxiety and depression
39
In the United States, what percentage of men and women diet?
> It is estimated that approximately 44 per cent of men and 65 per cent of women in the United States participate in some form of dieting
40
In Canada, what percentage of young adolescents diet? What did the Canadian study on young people find about young adults in grade 10?
> Substan-tial portions
> In a study of Canadian young people, 29 per cent of Grade 10 girls and 9 per cent of Grade 10 boys reported being on a diet or doing something else in order to lose weight
41
What influences dieting in young girls?
> Among young adults, particularly females, fashion maga-zines that promote extremely thin models may increase the likelihood of unhealthy dieting in some people
42
Eating disorders are usually characterized by
> serious disturbances in eating behaviour and extreme concern about body size or weight.
43
What are the three main categories of eating disorders?
> anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.
44
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by:
> extreme weight loss (BMI <17.5) due to extremely low caloric intake stemming from an extreme fear of being overweight
> often spend a great deal of time thinking of food but they eat very little
> Have abnormal perceptions of their body image (think they are obese when they are actually concerningly thin)
45
Persons with bulimia nervosa can be distinguished from those with anorexia nervosa based on what?
> on presence of binge eating and purging episodes.
46
What is binge
(bulimia) eating is characterized by?
> characterized by intake of (usually large amounts of food) with a sense of loss of control during the episodes
> often engage in purging behaviour such as vomiting or taking laxatives to rid the body of the excess calories
47
Those that are diagnosed with bulimia often have what?
> normal BMI
48
What is the best way to prevent anorexia * prof notes
> consult health professional
> eat adequate amount of food
> work with a nutriontist
49
What is binge-eating disorder characterized by
> characterized by food binges
in which a person eats an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time with a sense of lack of control during the binging episode.
50
Unlike those with bulimia, what do those with binge-eating disorder do?
> these individuals do not engage in purging behaviour but may feel embarrassed, uncomfortable, or guilty about binging.
51
Individuals with binge-eating disorder often fall in the BMI range of what?
> greater than 30.
52
What are the negative health outcomes for those with eating disorders? (specifically for anorexia (3) and bulimia (2) both (1))
> People with anorexia, for example, may experience bone loss and be at greater risk for fractures
> Anorexia: Abnormalities in endocrine, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems may develop
> Among women with anorexia nervosa, rates of fertility and maternity are greatly reduced
> Dental damage as well as cardiac problems among those who engage in frequent vomiting may be typical (Bulimia)
> Frequent laxative use can cause serious gastrointestinal complications (Bulimia)
> Moreover, comorbid psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders are common among those with eating disorders
53
Engaging in maladaptive eating behaviour is a result of what?
| A complex set of what?
> a complex set of biological, psychological, and social risk factors that interplay and influence the person’s initial exploratory stages and the long-term maintenance of the behaviour.
54
What are biological risk factors for maladaptive eating behaviours?
> Genetic vulnerability
55
What are social risk factors for maladaptive eating behaviours?
| PSCS
* Peers
* Socio-economic status
* Culture
* Sedentary lifestyle
56
What are psychological risk factors for maladaptive risk factors?
* Stress and mood
* Cognitive factors
* Personality
57
Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that genes influence the likelihood of becoming overweight in three ways - what are they?
| 1 Genes determine ?, 2 genes factors regulate ? 3 genes regulate ? balan
1) determine a person’s metabolic rate (how fast calories are used)
2) Genetic factors regulate hormones that are involved in fat storage and metabolism.
3) regulate energy balance within the organism that are involved in controlling food intake
58
What can be noted about twin studies and obesity
> between 30 and 60% of the time, one monozygotic twin is obese while the other is not = importance of environmental influences on obesity.
> heritability rates of obesity ranging from 40 to 70 per cent and concordance rates for obesity that were doubled in identical twins (monozygote)
59
Sinha and Jastreboff (2013) found that stress combined with what psychological disorder leads to overeating?
> stress combined with anxiety disinhibits the self-control that usually prevents people from overeating
60
Stress also influences the types of food people eat. Those who are under stress are more likely to eat foods that are:
> poor in nutrients but high in energy such as those with high sugar and fat content
61
Several personality traits also have been associated with engaging in maladaptive eating behaviours- what are these personalities?
> Impulsiveness (over-eating)
> negative emotionality and neuroticism (eating as a coping mechanism)
> perfectionism (anorexia + bulimia - dissatisfaction with body image and are also likely to have an increased drive for thinness)
62
Research on peer modelling and food intake has shown that children may regulate their own food intake based on what? What gender is this more signficant to?
> their peers or other older children
> relationship is more significant in young girls compared to boys.
63
1) Socio-economic status (SES) is also an important risk factor for what health outcome?
2) Those in the lowest income sub-groups have a higher prevalence of obesity than those in what groups?
| What percentage for the groups?
1) Being overweight or obese
2) the highest income sub-group (15 per cent vs 10 per cent)
64
What are variables related to SES and food consumption?
> Lower SES has been associated with consumption of fewer healthy foods such as fresh vegetables and fruits and lower adherence to dietary guidelines
> People with lower SES are more likely to purchase food that is of lower quality and less nutritious since it costs less than food that is nutrient rich
> Another possibility is that those with lower education may have lower health literacy related to understanding nutritional labels and guidelines
65
What are some environmental differences between people with lower SES compared to higher SES?
> Low-SES neighborhoods in the United States, for instance, were found to be less likely to have stores that carry fruits and vegetables and more likely to include fast-food stores
66
In Canada, what is food inequality associated with?
> food insecurity (i.e., inability to obtain a sufficient amount of healthy food)
> experienced at a greater prevalence rate among those with the lowest income compared to the highest income
> food insecurity was more prevalent among Indigenous people living off reserve (27 per cent) compared to the non-Indigenous (9 per cent) population
67
Culture may also be an important trigger for developing maladaptive eating behaviours - what can be noted about cultural impacts?
| As it relates to body image:
> In the Western world, the ideal body image is often considered to be that of a long, lean, and well-muscled body.
> Society has developed a culture of thinness through media and ad-vertisements.
> Media exposure and perceived pressure may be risk factors for maladaptive eating cognitions and behaviours, especially in female
68
Another important risk factor for obesity is what? (In kids especially)
> inactivity (sedentary lifestyles)
> Sedentary lifestyle in children is also related to greater intake of unhealthy snacks and drinks and in modelling parental physical inactivity
69
Psychoactive substances are those substances that, when taken, can do what?
> affect cognitive/mental and affective processes
70
What originally did some cultures do with psychoactive substances?
> were used by Indigenous people of pre-Columbian Mexico to induce states of trance in healing rituals and religious ceremonies (mushrooms)
> psychoactive substances, such as opium, were used by various cultures, like the Sumerian and the Greek, for their medicinal properties
71
Substance abuse is specifically defined as:
> the use of any psychoactive substance that results in “physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual or to others affected by the user’s behaviour”
72
There are different ways of defining substance-use issues. What is intoxication?
> Intoxication is a state during which
the individual has diminished physical or mental control due to the effects of psychoactive sub-stances.
73
What are substance abuse disorders?
> are patterns of symptoms resulting from use of a substance, that the individual continues to take, despite experiencing problems as a result
74
What is tolerance?
| It is a need for what?
> Tolerance is defined as a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
75
When does withdrawal occur? What are the symptoms?
> once they are addicted and stop using = resulting in unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms.
> these symptoms can include nausea, trem-ors, headaches, hallucinations, irritability, and anxiety
76
Substances can be taken in three ways: what are they and which is the riskiest?
> orally, through an injection, or by inhalation.
> Oral administration or
swallowing is one of the most common methods and can involve pills, capsules, powders, or liquids.
> Substances can also be injected into the body through needles and syringes
> Injection is the riskiest form of administration.
> It can result in immediate medical complications and long-term conditions such as hepatitis, HIV, and tetanus if non-sterile needles are used
77
For those who suffer from addiction, what is the most common way that they use substances?
> using injection (causes immediate effects), this is often the method preferred by people who are dependent and addicted to substances.
78
Recreational substances are classified into different categories including:
> depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.
79
What are depressants?
> Depressants are substances that slow down the activity of the central nervous system and result in the individual feeling less pain, more relaxed, and sleepy.
80
What are stimulants?
> Stimulants are drugs that heighten mood, increase alertness, and decrease fatigue by speeding up the activity of the central nervous system.
81
What are hallucinogens?
> hallucinogens are a category of substances that result in per-ceptual and sensory disturbances by distorting messages from the central nervous system (
82
What classification of substance is alcohol?
> Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the central nervous system. It is usually ingested as a liquid and readily absorbed into the bloodstream.
83
What is blood alcohol level?
> the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream is the blood alcohol level
84
Define heavy drinking:
> Heavy drinking can be defined as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol level levels to 0.08 g/dL on 5 or more days in the past month (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015).
85
What are some common depressants?
| What are the three AOM ?
> Alcohol
> Opiates
> Marijuana
86
What are some common stimulants?
| What are the 5 (NCMAM)
> Nicotine
> Cocaine
> Methylphenidate
> Amphetamines
> Methamphetamine
87
What are some common hallucinogens?
> Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
> Phencyclidine (PCP)
88
What are some gender differences with alcohol problems?
| AKA how many times more is a man going to drink over a women?
> research has also demonstrated that males are almost three times more likely than females to have alcohol-use problems
89
What is a concern of drinking for young people?
>Binge drinking.
> Young adults encounter numerous social and cul-tural influences through movies, other media, and their peers that suggest binge drinking is normal activity for young people.
* Such influences can result in adolescents and young adults en-gaging in risky behaviour
90
When does substance use begin in life, generally?
> Substance abuse often occurs in college and university environments as many students move away from home and have access to alcohol and other drugs
91
Alcohol can have important psychosocial consequences for the individual- what are some?
> problems with attention,
> anxiety increases
> depressive symptoms increase
> developing psychological symptoms is at risk
> increased suicidal ideation + attempts + completion
> conduct problems
92
Long-term heavy consumption of alcohol has been a major cause of what physical disease? What else does it affect?
> liver cirrhosis resulting in death.
> Long-term abuse can also result in widespread effects on the brain structure and function
93
Heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause what?
> fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a condition in which the child may experience mental impairment, stunted growth, and facial abnormalities.
94
Nicotine, which is found in tobacco and cigarettes, can be described as what?
| What does it rank in the US as a common drug? Is it lethal?
> described as addictive
> is the second most common psychoactive drug used in the United States.
> in high doses can be lethal.
95
What is the number one cause of preventable death?
> Smoking is the number one cause of preventable deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017).
96
How many Canadians and American's smoke?
> Approximately 4.6 million Canadians
> 36.5 million Americans
97
According to the CDC, 9 out of 10 cigarette smokers first tried smoking by what age?
> age 18
98
People that report issues with quitting smoking often report what? Why can this happen?
> some smokers report that smoking temporarily enhances their cognitive functioning
> but - Nicotine usually (especially withdrawal) causes: temporarily has issues with facilitate motor and cognitive processes and short-term episodic memory
> + accompanied by cognitive difficulties such as concentration problems
99
The American Cancer Society classifies tobacco as a what?
> a carcinogen
100
What is a carcinogen?
> A carcinogen is a substance that may initiate alterations in the genetic makeup of the individual resulting in prolific growth of cells at an uncontrollable level.
101
What 6 health (negative) outcomes are associated with smoking?
| IH, LC, RI, DNA, CD, BC
> Impaired health
> lung cancer
> respiratory illness,
> development of nicotine addiction,
> cardiovascular diseases
> bronchial congestion
102
How does smoking affect the health care system?
| (What is the the health care cost in the US as a result of smoking?)
> has been shown to result in health-care costs of over 97 billion dollars per year in the United States
103
What does second hand smoke cause?
> reduces blood oxygen capacity
> increases levels of carbon monoxide.
> linked to sudden infant death syndrome (main cause of death in babies < than 1 yr)
104
After cigarettes, what is the most popular recreational drug?
> Marijuana or cannabis is one of the most popular recreational drugs worldwide after alcohol and cigarettes (i.e., nicotine).
105
What health outcome is associated with smoking cannabis? What about non-health outcomes?
> respiratory dysfunction + increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
> can result in motor vehicle collisions and deaths due to people driving while impaired.
106
What are opioids?
> Opioids are sedative drugs used to help alleviate pain among various chronic pain populations
107
What are the negative health outcomes associated with those that overuse opioids?
> Opioid misuse can adversely affect the respiratory system, with high concen-trations of opioids causing the individual to stop breathing and suffocating
108
What health outcomes are associated with long-term opioid overuse?
> cognitive impairments such as defi-cits in spatial and working memory performance
109
What are biological risk factors for substance abuse?
> Genetic vulnerabilities may interact with the person’s environment and make the individual more susceptible to substance-use problems
> may inherit a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to substance-use problems, BUT KEEP IN MIND THAT environmental and psychological influences are key in determining whether substance-use problems will develop
110
There is growing evidence that people who have experienced what are at increased risk of developing substance-use problems, perhaps in an effort to manage negative feeling?
> have experienced various forms of trauma, including peer victimization or sexual and physical abuse
111
People experiencing negative emotional states such as anxiety often engage in what problem behaviour?
> problem drinking
112
According to the tension-reduction hypothesis, people who believe that alcohol consumption will reduce the stress response are more likely to engage in what?
> stress-related drinking
113
Several personality traits have also been implicated as risk factors for substance-use behaviours. What are those?
> impulsiveness (misuse of substances)
> antisocial personality and problems with externalizing behaviours (bullying or assualt)
114
What social factor affects drinking in younger populations?
> Conformity - they may disregard the risks asso-ciated with using substances as a result of conformity.
115
Familial environments can also influence the development of substance-use issues. Describe some of these scenarios:
> learnt as a celebratory response from family gatherings and parties.
> use to to cope with stress and negative situations
> Family history of substance use has been shown to increase likelihood of children engaging in substance us
116
Media also play an important role in the development of substance use, and can do so by what means?
> through direct and indirect messaging.
> Direct messaging is usually through advertisements of alcohol or tobacco.
>It is noted that indirect marketing strategies promote use of substances through images and dialogues. These indirect messages can influence adolescent’s perceptions of substance-use desirability and result in increased use
117
When working with people who present with maladaptive eating and substance-use behav-iours, health psychologists typically begin assessment by doing what? What two factors are also important to evaluate?
> by obtaining a detailed clinical history of the indi-vidual.
> Evaluation of an individual’s readiness and mo-tivation to change is also important.
118
What two methods assist the assessment process?
> monitor behaviour with diaries designed to identify the antecedents and consequences of the problem behaviour
> + Specific questionnaires focusing on the problem eating and substance-use behaviours
119
Assessment of overeating behaviour may involve the caluclation of what and the evauation for what?
> the calculation of the client’s BMI
> When assessing overeating = evaluate if a eating disorder is present.
> (Several questionnaires for evaluating eating disorders)
120
What two measures have been validated for a primary-care setting in order to screen for potential eating issues?
1) the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP)
2) SCOFF Questionnaire
121
Various measures can help with the initial assessment of substance-use problems- What are they?
> The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Tool (ASSIST) = developed by the WHO to help health professionals assess and manage any substance-use issue in the primary-care setting
> The CAGE Questionnaire Adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) = screen for both alcohol and drug use.
> Alcohol-specific self-report measures such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
> and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) are valid tools to screen for alcohol misuse.
122
Among adolescents, what measures are used for substance abuse?
> Among adolescents, the Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs (BSTAD) can be used to examine frequency of use in the past year
123
The Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) and the Drug Use Questionnaire (DAST) identify people that are likely to do what?
> engage in drug use
124
When developing treatment programs for people with maladaptive lifestyle behaviours, clinicians tend to use strategies that promote what?
> promote patient engagement and education.
125
Many people who are referred for the management of substance use (e.g., through the legal system) are not necessarily what?
> motivated to overcome the substance-use problem.
126
What is motivational interviewing? What is the primary focus? And what kind of approach is it?
> Motivational inter-viewing (MI) is a specific therapeutic strategy that involves building a collaborative relationship be-tween the clinician and client in order to achieve behavioural change by enhancing client motivation to change
> Its primary focus = identify and resolve any issues related to their motivation to change through examination of perceived barriers + the advantages and disadvantages of change.
> The approach is patient centred and accepts that behaviour change is difficult and resistance to change is normal
127
Most often when working with individuals with maladaptive lifestyle behaviours, health psychologists work in what way?
> collaboratively with other health-care professionals.
128
Cognitive behavioural approaches have shown promise in the treatment of maladaptive behaviour problems- activities often include what and what does CBT focus on?
> Activities often include goal setting and behavioural exercises
> focuses on helping clients identify and challenge dysfunctional thoughts and behaviours that are related to their lifestyle problem.
129
A key element shared by cognitive behavioural approaches is what?
> relapse prevention
130
What do management programs for eating focus on?
> Inpatient treatment (anorexia)
> Pharmacological treatment (Appetite suppresants)
> surgical procedures (gastric bypass)
131
When health psychologists work with individuals who present with maladaptive eating behaviours, they may conduct what type of therapy?
> CBT = self-monitoring and careful records of food intake that allow clients to become more aware of their eating behaviours and the antecedents of these behaviours.
> People also learn to control various environmental stimuli that can increase the risk of overeating.
132
Other psychological approaches such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) are used to do what?
> used to help people identify and accept emotional experiences (Keesman, Aarts, Hafner, & Papies, 2017) and to identify and participate in valued activities.
133
Medical management for substance use may involve what?
> may involve inpatient/residential treatment where an indi-vidual may detoxify in a monitored environment.
134
Clinical guidelines for managing substance-use disorders recommend the use of:
> co-ordinated addiction-focused evidence-based psychosocial interventions that address patient priorities
135
What are other management programs?
> Contingency management methods
> Mindfulness-based interventions have become increasingly popular
for managing substance use.
> school-based programs
136
There are several pharmacotherapies for the management of alcohol misuse. What is one example of a specific drug? overall, what do these drugs target (what properties do they have)
> Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a drug that causes a person to vomit whenever he or she ingests alcohol. Other drugs are used for their anti-craving properties
137
In contrast to programs targeting complete abstinence what are other programs? What approach do they take?
> controlled drinking programs that
take a harm-reduction approach are also available.
138
Smoking-cessation programs often utilize what type of therapies? What does this therapy prevent?
> nicotine replacement therapies (NRT)
> These replacement therapies help prevent withdrawal symptoms.
139
Psychological interventions for smoking cessation may include?
> a variety of components
(e.g., education, use of diaries, management of emotions and thoughts that may increase the probability of smoking).
> but there are high relapse rates
