chapter 6

Question 1

race

Answer 1

a term used to categorize people based on colour and physical traits

Question 2

Canadian character of rights and freedoms

Answer 2

a Canadian legal statue that sets out the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians.

Question 3

Biological determinism

Answer 3

the theory that people with certain genes are inherently criminal

Question 4

social hierarchies

Answer 4

fundamentally latent processes that describe social relationships between individuals and groups

Question 5

racism

Answer 5

any prejudice against someone based on their race when those views are reinforced by systems of power

Question 6

cultural racism

Answer 6

widespread values and beliefs that normalize white socioeconomic power. the belief that certain cultural groups have less power.

Question 7

othering

Answer 7

a process whereby individuals and groups are treated and marked as different and inferior from the dominant social group.

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.

Question 9

marginalization

Answer 9

treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.

Question 10

prejudice

Answer 10

a favoring or dislike of something without good reason

Question 11

xenophobia

Answer 11

dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.

Question 12

institutional racism

Answer 12

the perpetuation of discrimination on the basis of “race” by political, economic, or legal institutions and systems.

Question 13

Two factors that may contribute to an increased risk of engaging in crime

Answer 13

1. Institutionalized racism
2. Poverty

Question 14

Critical race theory (CRT)

Answer 14

a theory that examine the ways in which race and social power are constructed by law and society, and that sees the law and criminal justice system not as solutions but a part of the problem.

Question 15

CRT argument 1

Answer 15

Argues that traditional legal approaches, that focus on neutrality and equality are inadequate for addressing the ways in which racism is embedded in society.

Question 16

CRT argument 2

Answer 16

The continued disadvantage faced by racialized groups in all social institutions is not a coincidence or an accident occurrence

Question 17

The tenets of CRT

Answer 17

Argues the societal understandings related to race are deeply ingrained in the functioning of society

Question 18

Race relations and policing task force (1988)

Answer 18

Aimed to examine police training, policies, practices, and attitudes regarding members of rationalized communities

Question 19

racial profiling

Answer 19

the act or tendency of law enforcement officers and others to consider people suspicious or more likely to commit crimes due to the colour of their skin

Question 20

street checks

Answer 20

non-criminal encounters between a civilian and police officer

Question 21

police stops

Answer 21

events in which the police initiate a stop to question someone on crime related matters

Question 22

Police use of force - racism

Answer 22

excessive use of force on black people from police officers

Question 23

first time defenders

Answer 23

individuals who have never been charged with a crime

Question 24

Police discretion

Answer 24

the freedom of judgment and choices given to police officers in specified circumstances in accordance with their governing policies.

Question 25

youth diversion programs

Answer 25

alternative programs provided to youth instead of a formal charge of conviction

Question 26

colourblind approach

Answer 26

the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible.

Question 27

unconscious bias

Answer 27

attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, decision making, and behaviour without a person realizing it

Question 28

mandatory minimum sentences

Answer 28

sentences that eliminate judicial discretion and require that a minimum sentence be imposed upon conviction for certain crimes