chapter 6

Question 1

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

Answer 1

alpha wave

Question 2

internal cycle of biological activity

Answer 2

biological rhythm

Question 3

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

Answer 3

cataplexy

Question 4

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

Answer 4

central sleep apnea

Question 5

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

Answer 5

circadian rhythm

Question 6

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Answer 6

codeine

Question 7

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Answer 7

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 8

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Answer 8

collective unconscious

Question 9

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Answer 9

consciousness

Question 10

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open

Answer 10

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Question 11

the process in which individuals attend to many sources of information at once

Answer 11

divided attention

Question 12

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

Answer 12

delta wave

Question 13

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Answer 13

depressant

Question 14

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

Answer 14

euphoric high

Question 15

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

Answer 15

evolutionary psychology

Question 16

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

Answer 16

hallucinogen

Question 17

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

Answer 17

homeostasis

Question 18

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Answer 18

hypnosis

Question 19

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

Answer 19

insomnia

Question 20

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Answer 20

jetlag

Question 21

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

Answer 21

K-complex

Question 22

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

Answer 22

latent content

Question 23

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content

Answer 23

lucid dream

Question 24

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

Answer 24

manifest content

Question 25

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Answer 25

meditation

Question 26

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

Answer 26

melatonin

Question 27

study that combines the results of several related studies

Answer 27

meta-analysis

Question 28

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Answer 28

methadone

Question 29

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Answer 29

methadone clinic

Question 30

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

Answer 30

methamphetamine

Question 31

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

Answer 31

narcolepsy

Question 32

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

Answer 32

night terrors

Question 33

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 33

non-REM (NREM)

Question 34

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

Answer 34

obstructive sleep apnea

Question 35

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

Answer 35

opiate/opioid

Question 36

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

Answer 36

parinsomnia

Question 37

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

Answer 37

physical dependence

Question 38

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

Answer 38

pineal gland

Question 39

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Answer 39

psychological dependence

Question 40

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

Answer 40

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 41

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during

Answer 41

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Question 42

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

Answer 42

restless leg syndrom

Question 43

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

Answer 43

rotating shift work

Question 44

the ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information

Answer 44

selective attention

Question 45

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Answer 45

sleep

Question 46

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

Answer 46

sleep apnea

Question 47

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Answer 47

sleep debt

Question 48

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Answer 48

sleep rebound

Question 49

brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

Answer 49

sleep regulation

Question 50

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

Answer 50

sleep spindle

Question 51

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

Answer 51

sleepwalking

Question 52

stage of sleep with the transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

Answer 52

stage 1 sleep

Question 53

stage of sleep where the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

Answer 53

stage 2 sleep

Question 54

stage of sleep with deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Answer 54

stage 3 and 4 sleep

Question 55

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

Answer 55

stimulant

Question 56

area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located

Answer 56

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 57

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

Answer 57

theta wave

Question 58

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

Answer 58

tolerance

Question 59

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Answer 59

wakefulness

Question 60

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

Answer 60

withdrawal