chapter 6

Question 1

something that produces a reaction

Answer 1

stimulus

Question 2

a simple form of leaning in which one stimulus elicits the response usually elicited by another stimulus

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned

Answer 3

unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

an automatic response to a stimulus

Answer 4

unconditioned response

Question 5

an automatic response to a stimulus

Answer 5

conditioned stimulus

Question 6

a learned response to a stimulus that was presviously neutral

Answer 6

conditioned response

Question 7

occurs when the conditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

extinction

Question 8

occurs when people respond in the same way to similar stimuli

Answer 8

generalization

Question 9

the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar

Answer 9

discrimination

Question 10

a method for reducing fears in which a person is continually exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear response to that stimulus are extinguished

Answer 10

flooding

Question 11

a gradual method of reducing fears in which people are taught relaxation techniques

Answer 11

systematic desensitization

Question 12

a method of reducing fears by repeatedly pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fearful one

Answer 12

counterconditioning

Question 13

a form of leaning based on the consequences of actions

Answer 13

operant conditioning

Question 14

the process by which a stimulus increases the chance that the preceding behavior will occur again

Answer 14

reinforcement

Question 15

reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied

Answer 15

positive reinforcement

Question 16

reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed

Answer 16

negative reinforcement

Question 17

unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied

Answer 17

punishment

Question 18

type of reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs

Answer 18

continuous

Question 19

type of reinforcement in which a behavior is not reinforced every single time it occurs

Answer 19

partical

Question 20

type of schedule in which a fixed amount of time elapses between reinforcement

Answer 20

fixed-interval

Question 21

type of schedule in which varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements

Answer 21

variable-interval

Question 22

type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct response have been made

Answer 22

fixed-ratio

Question 23

type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct response have been made

Answer 23

variable-ratio

Question 24

leaning that remains hidden until it is needed

Answer 24

latent learning

Question 25

leaning that is acquired through observing and imitating others

Answer 25

observational learning

Question 26

the final step in the PQ4R

Answer 26

review

Question 27

what are the PQ4R

Answer 27

preview, question, read, reflect, recite, review