Chapter 6 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Who was Harry Hollingworth and what did he do?
Harry Hollingworth (1880-1956) conducted three major experiments for the Coca-Cola Company that showed that the caffeine in Coca-Cola produced few, if any, harmful effects for humans.
Why was Hollingworth’s caffeine research significant?
- it was excellent science in terms of methodology, perhaps no surprise because he studied with Robert Woodworth as well as Cattell.
- it was one of the earliest studies of psychopharmacology in humans.
- it was perhaps the first research undertaken by a psychologist for a major corporation.
- it was one of the earliest examples of a psychologist testifying as an expert scientific witness in a trial, a field that would be labeled as forensic psychology today
When were the mental asylums open and what did they look like?
The first North American “lunatic asylums” appeared in the United States in the late 1700s in New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Canada, which was more agrarian, had its first asylum in Quebec in 1845 and its first provincial asylum in Toronto in 1850.
本来设计的是moral therapy, 挺人道主义的，但是后面有精神病的人越来越多，这些精神病院就变成了绝望人类的仓库。
When psychologists began to show an interest in insanity, it had already been the domain of psychiatry for a century.
Who was Lightner Witmer and what was his contribution to psychological clinic?
Lightner Witmer (1867–1956) reopened Cattell’s psychology laboratory at Pennsylvania after returning in 1892 from Leipzig where he had earned his doctorate with Wundt.
Treated a boy with spelling difficulty and more cases after that.
Found the first psychological clinic in the world in 1896.
Later in 1907, founded “The Psychological Clinic” journal to record the cases, detailing the diagnoses made and treatments rendered.
- In the first issue of the journal, Witmer described a program of education and training to prepare psychologists to do clinical work and he named the field “clinical psychology.” This marked the first suggestion of a specialized graduate curriculum to prepare psychologists for this practical work.
In sum, he is the founder of clinical psychology and school psychology. Beyond his role as founder of these two important applied specialties in psychology, he is important historically because of his willingness to use his science to “shed light on the problems of humanity.” His goals as a practicing psychologist were both prevention and intervention.
What is the clinical method according to Witmer?
This involved a team approach, typically employing both a physician and a social worker. The team was involved jointly in the testing of the patient, rendering the diagnosis, and designing and conducting the treatment.
The physician plays a key role in excluding any medical issues. This involves using an optician to ensure normal vision and checking hearing if necessary. Once a diagnosis has been made and a treatment plan established, it is typically the social worker who implements the treatment. The social worker’s responsibilities may involve consulting with teachers and/or parents to ensure the smooth execution of the treatment plan and comprehensive support for the patient.
What instruments were used in early psychological assessments to measure mental and physiological responses?
Chronoscope - Developed by Mathias Hipp, used to measure the speed of mental processes in thousandths of a second.计时器（Chronoscope） - 由Mathias Hipp开发，用于以千分之一秒的精度测量心理过程的速度。
Kymograph - A device with a rotating drum to record responses over time, useful for tracking changes and patterns.记录仪（Kymograph） - 一个带有旋转鼓的设备，用于记录随时间的反应，有助于追踪变化和模式。
Ergograph - Measured muscle contraction, often used with the kymograph to assess fatigue through muscle activity over time. These instruments were part of psychometric testing focusing on sensory and cognitive functions, with social workers typically implementing treatment after assessments.肌力计（Ergograph） - 测量肌肉收缩，常与记录仪一起使用，以通过肌肉活动的时间变化评估疲劳。 这些仪器是心理测量测试的一部分，专注于感官和认知功能的评估，评估后通常由社会工作者实施治疗。
What was happening to America at the beginning of 20th century and how did that influence psychology?
Interest in each of those fields was partly motivated by the social changes in America noted earlier: urbanization, the growth of factory jobs, passage of child labor laws and laws for compulsory education, and new waves of immigration that had led to the opening of Ellis Island as an immigration center in 1892.
Since work is crucial to people at that time, psychologists began to discover the world of business
e.g., the psychology of advertising to help understand the motives, desires, and behaviors of consumers
Who was Harlow Gale and what was his contribution to the psychology of business?
Back: Harlow Gale (1862–1945) was a psychologist at the University of Minnesota who studied with Wilhelm Wundt. In 1895, Gale made his first foray into the field of business psychology by sending a comprehensive questionnaire to 200 businesses to inquire about their advertising practices. Due to the extensive nature of the questionnaire, he received only a 10% response rate, with just 20 forms returned. This poor response and possibly the confusing data resulted in this being Gale’s first and only venture into the psychology of business.
Who was Walter Dill Scott and what was his role in the development of industrial-organizational psychology?
Walter Dill Scott (1869–1955) earned his doctorate under Wilhelm Wundt in 1900 and is considered the founder of industrial-organizational psychology in America.
He started his notable career in this field as a young assistant professor at Northwestern University. After a public lecture, he was approached by John Mahin, head of a leading advertising agency in Chicago, to write a series of articles on the psychology of advertising.
These articles, which began appearing in Mahin’s Magazine in 1902, were later compiled into Scott’s first book, “The Theory of Advertising” (1903). Despite having minimal formal training in advertising, Scott applied his knowledge of psychological principles to discuss topics such as suggestion, perception, and the effectiveness of return coupons in advertising. His work was well-received, and he authored another 21 articles, which became his second book, “The Psychology of Advertising” (1908).
Scott’s contributions significantly shaped the early development of industrial-organizational psychology, marking him as a leading psychological expert in advertising.
What were the key elements of Walter Dill Scott’s theory of advertising, and how did he implement these ideas in his professional practice?
Walter Dill Scott emphasized the nonrational and suggestible nature of consumers in his advertising theories, describing them as being under the “hypnotic influence of the advertising writer.” He highlighted the power of suggestion, using techniques such as direct commands (“Use Ipana Toothpaste”) and return coupons to prompt compulsive obedience without arousing alternative actions. Scott also promoted the use of mental imagery, suggesting that ads should be so vivid that they could make consumers “hear” a piano, “taste” food, or “smell” perfume from their descriptions. After World War I, he founded the Scott Company, a pioneering psychological consulting firm that worked with major clients like Armour and Goodyear Tire. The firm was innovative in treating the “worker and the work” as a plastic unit, emphasizing the adaptability of both to each other. It supported workers’ rights and collaborated only with firms that shared its positive labor philosophy, marking a significant advancement in industrial-organizational psychology.
What were Harry L. Hollingworth’s contributions to the field of advertising psychology?
Harry L. Hollingworth, initially known for his caffeine studies, became a key figure in advertising psychology through his work with the Advertising Men’s League of New York City and his night course at Columbia University. His lectures were published as “Advertising and Selling” (1913).
Hollingworth’s approach to advertising research involved using return coupons to measure ad effectiveness objectively, with a notable correlation of 0.82 between coupon returns and sales data. This method set a new standard in advertising research, moving away from the subjective concept of suggestion to more measurable, observable behaviors.
Hollingworth’s work in pretesting ad effectiveness made him highly sought after in the industry and influenced the development of advertising psychology as a specialized field, inspiring others like Daniel Starch to pursue careers in this area.
Who was Hugo Münsterberg and what initiated his career in applied psychology?
Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916) was recruited by William James in 1892 to head the psychology laboratory at Harvard. He soon transitioned from academic work to writing for popular magazines and increased his applied psychological work, eventually leaving the laboratory to junior colleagues.
Hugo Münsterberg wrote extensively on applied psychology, including “Psychology and Industrial Efficiency” (1913), where he emphasized the science of human efficiency in workplaces by matching worker skills and job requirements for optimal productivity and worker satisfaction.
Often regarded as the founder of industrial psychology, Münsterberg’s 1913 book “Psychology and Industrial Efficiency” greatly influenced the integration of psychology into business and industry practices, despite others like Walter Dill Scott and Harry Hollingworth also contributing to the field around the same time.
How did Münsterberg’s views on industrial efficiency compare to Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management?
Münsterberg critiqued Taylor’s scientific management for treating workers as mere machines. Instead, Münsterberg promoted using psychological assessment tools to align workers’ talents and job requirements, believing this approach led to happier, more productive workers.
Münsterberg applied his theories in real-world settings, such as creating competency tests for ship captains for the San Francisco and Portland Steamship Company and devising selection methods for trolley car operators for the Boston Elevated Railway Company after a series of accidents.
What early achievements marked Lillian Gilbreth’s career in psychology? How did Lillian Gilbreth contribute to the efficiency movement?
Lillian Gilbreth earned her Ph.D. in psychology from Brown University in 1915. She published her influential book, “The Psychology of Management” in 1914, emphasizing the importance of considering individual differences and human relations in industry. Alongside her husband, Frank, Lillian Gilbreth was a key figure in the efficiency movement, using film for time-motion studies to analyze and improve job components. After Frank’s death in 1924, she continued their consulting business, focusing on domestic efficiency and marketing to homemakers.
What were some of Lillian Gilbreth’s notable contributions to home economics?
Lillian Gilbreth made significant contributions to kitchen design, including determining optimal counter heights and appliance placements, and designing efficient kitchen fixtures. She held patents for innovations like an electric food mixer and refrigerator door shelves.
What is engineering psychology, and how did Lillian Gilbreth contribute to it?
Engineering psychology, also known as human factors psychology, involves designing equipment to better interface with human operators. Gilbreth’s work in this field included designing kitchens and equipment for the disabled, such as a pedal-operated trashcan.
What honors and recognition did Lillian Gilbreth receive during her lifetime?
Lillian Gilbreth was the first woman member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the first woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Her worker-oriented approach to efficiency and management gained lasting popularity, and she was commemorated with a U.S. postage stamp in 1984, recognizing her vast contributions to engineering and psychology.
What led to the establishment of vocational guidance in early 20th century America? How did psychologists contribute to vocational guidance?
The vocational guidance movement emerged due to urbanization, technological advancements, and social issues like school dropouts and juvenile delinquency, aiming to help individuals make informed career decisions.
Psychologists advocated for the use of mental tests to match individual traits with job requirements, emphasizing a scientific approach to career counseling over the educational system’s more subjective methods.
What is the significance of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank in vocational guidance?
Introduced in 1927 to align individual interests with potential careers, this test represented a shift towards a more scientifically grounded approach in vocational guidance and remains in use today with modifications.
How did the shift from Cattell’s anthropometric tests to the Binet-Simon scale advance intelligence testing?
After Cattell’s anthropometric tests failed to accurately measure intelligence, Henry Herbert Goddard introduced a new approach by translating Alfred Binet’s French test into English in 1908. The Binet-Simon test effectively measured mental age and correlated positively with school performance, establishing a reliable basis for intelligence testing and educational placement for the first time.
What are the significant developments and contributions to intelligence testing from the early 20th century to post-World War I?
Intelligence testing evolved significantly in the early 20th century, beginning with Henry Herbert Goddard translating the Binet-Simon scale for use in America. Lewis Terman, a Clark University graduate and psychologist at Stanford University, further refined this scale and published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test in 1916, which introduced the calculation of IQ using the formula devised by William Stern. This test became the leading tool for intellectual assessment for over three decades. Terman also focused on gifted children, conducting longitudinal studies to track their development from childhood into old age. During World War I, the need for large-scale, efficient testing led Terman, Goddard, and other psychologists to develop the Army Alpha and Beta tests in 1917. These were the first intelligence tests administered to groups, designed for English speakers and non-English speakers or illiterates, respectively. Administered to nearly 2 million soldiers, these tests set the precedent for the widespread use of intelligence testing in various domains, including clinical and educational settings post-war. However, the application of these tests extended beyond educational and clinical settings, playing a controversial role in the eugenics movement in the United States, highlighting a darker chapter in the history of psychology.
Who was Francis Galton and what early scientific contributions did he make?
Francis Galton (1822–1911), a British polymath, was one of the first scientists to study the role of heredity and environment in human traits. He pioneered the use of twin studies and introduced the phrase “nature-nurture” to explore these influences. His work in statistics led to the development of correlation and regression toward the mean.
Galton’s research extended to practical applications such as the development of fingerprinting for criminology, adopted by Scotland Yard. He also contributed to meteorology by publishing the first weather map in The Times in 1875 and identifying the anticyclone weather pattern.
How did Francis Galton contribute to the development of eugenics?
Influenced by Charles Darwin’s theories, Francis Galton founded the concept of eugenics, proposing the improvement of human populations through selective breeding. His 1869 book, “Hereditary Genius,” argued that genius and talent were hereditary traits and advocated for social policies to encourage the reproduction of individuals with desirable traits.
Galton’s ideas on eugenics influenced a wide range of public policies in the early 20th century, including forced sterilization, restrictive immigration laws, and anti-miscegenation (the act of producing children from parents of different races) laws, primarily in the United States and Europe. His work significantly impacted the field of psychology and influenced many notable figures, including presidents, scientists, and intellectuals.
What is the controversial legacy of Francis Galton’s eugenics movement?
While Galton’s contributions to statistics and psychological measurement were groundbreaking, his advocacy for eugenics led to harmful policies that targeted vulnerable populations, contributing to human rights abuses. His legacy remains a subject of ethical debate, reflecting the complex interplay between scientific innovation and its societal implications.
