Chapter 6

Question 1

Explain the solid state

Answer 1

*They have high degree of internal order
*Fixed volume and shape
*strong mutual attractive force between atoms
*Molecules have the shortest distance to travel before collision

Question 2

What is the motion of a solid called?

Answer 2

“jiggle”

Question 3

Explain the liquid state

Answer 3

*They have fixed volume, but adapt to shape of their container
*Atoms exhibit less degree of mutual attraction compared with solids
*Shape is determined by numerous internal and external forces

Question 4

Explain the gaseous state

Answer 4

*No fixed volume or shape
*weak molecular attraction
*gas molecules exhibit rapid, random motion with frequent collisions
*easily compressed & expand to fill container

Question 5

What causes increased internal energy?

Answer 5

*Performing “work” on the system
*Heating a substance

Question 6

What is conduction?

Answer 6

Main method of heat transfer in solids
-via direct contact between molecules

Question 7

What is convection?

Answer 7

mixing of fluid molecules at different temperatures
-transfers heat into liquids and gases
example: boiling water

Question 8

What is radiation?

Answer 8

heat transfer occurs without direct contact between two substances

Question 9

What is evaporation?

Answer 9

form of vaporization where heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid, cooling the air

Question 10

What is condensation?

Answer 10

opposite of evaporation
-gas becomes a liquid

Question 11

What is the absolute zero and what is happening?

Answer 11

Absolute zero= Kelvin
no kinetic energy
-lowest possible temperature
-molecules cease to vibrate
-object has no measurable heat

Question 12

55 Celsius = ? Fahrenheit

Answer 12

131 *F

Question 13

40 Celsius= ? Fahrenheit

Answer 13

104 *F

Question 14

37 Celsius= ? Fahrenheit

Answer 14

98.6 *F

Question 15

88 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius

Answer 15

31.1 *C

Question 16

92 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius

Answer 16

33.3 *C

Question 17

65 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius

Answer 17

18.3 *C

Question 18

Explain viscosity

Answer 18

*force opposing fluids flow
*directly proportional to conserve focus between its molecules
-the stronger the cohesive forces, the greater the fluid viscosity

Question 19

What is cohesion?

Answer 19

attractive forces between like molecules
(ex: causes the formation of water drops when it rains)

Question 20

What is adhesion?

Answer 20

attractive force between unlike molecules
(ex: causes the drops to cling to other surfaces)

Question 21

What is surface tension?

Answer 21

*Force exerted by like molecules at liquids surfaces
*Bubbles retain spherical shape

Question 22

What are the two types of vaporization?

Answer 22

Boiling -when heating liquid to temperature at which its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

Evaporation -when liquid changes into gas at temperature below its boiling point

Question 23

What is absolute humidity?

Answer 23

actual amount (or weight) of water vapor in gas
-measured in mg/L
aka. water vapor content

Question 24

What is relative humidity (RH) ?

Answer 24

-when gas is not fully saturated
-ratio of its actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at given temperature

Question 25

What is the absolute humidity when the air is fully saturated at 37 Celsius ?

Answer 25

43.8 mg/L

Question 26

At what point in the body do we reach 100% RH?

Answer 26

when it reaches the trachea

Question 27

What is dew point?

Answer 27

temperature where it causes water vapor to turn back into liquid state

Question 28

What happens when gases increase in temperature?

Answer 28

-High temperatures= High speeds -Kinetic activities like travel at high speeds, random paths, and frequent collisions

Question 29

Explain Dalton's Law

Answer 29

partial pressure of gas in mixture is proportional to its percentage in mixture P(n)= P (total) - (Po2+Pco2+h2o) or P(total)= ( Po2+Pco2+Ph2o+Pn)

Question 30

At a normal barometric pressure of 760 mm Hg, alveolar O2 Exerts a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg, CO2 45 mm Hg, and water vapor 53 mm Hg. What is the alveolar partial pressure of nitrogen?

Answer 30

562 mmHg

Question 31

Explain Boyle's Law

Answer 31

-volume of gas varies inversely proportional to its pressure -pressure increases, volume decreases -temperature remains constant P1P2=P2V2

Question 32

If the pressure of a gas 7 PSI with a volume at 8 mL, what would be the volume if the pressure becomes 14 PSI?

Answer 32

4 mL

Question 33

if the pressure of a gas 8 PSI with a volume at 4 mL, what would be the pressure if the volume becomes 2 mL?

Answer 33

16 PSI

Question 34

What is critical temperature?

Answer 34

-The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid - The pressure needed to maintain equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase

Question 35

Describe the patterns of flow

Answer 35

*Laminar flow*- fluid moving in discrete cylindrical layers or streamlines *Turbulent flow*- loss of regular streamlines; fluid molecules form irregular currents in chaotic pattern *Transitional flow*- mixture of laminar and turbulent flow.

Question 36

Explain the Bernoulli Principle

Answer 36

-An increase in the velocity of the fluid results in a decrease in the sun of its static pressure, potential energy, and internal energy -Fluid passing through tube that meets constriction experiences significant pressure drop.

Question 37

what is the formula to find Celsius ?

Answer 37

C= (F - 32) / 1.8

Question 38

what is the formula to find Fahrenheit?

Answer 38

F= (1.8 x C) + 32