Chapter 6

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

Straying away from the norm or the usual; a neutral term

Question 2

Overt Characteristics

Answer 2

actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the cultural norm.

Question 3

Covert Characteristics

Answer 3

the unstated qualities that might make a particular group a target for sanctions. Include age, ethnic background, sex, and even poverty.

Question 4

Strain Theory (Robert Merton)

Answer 4

A disconnect between society’s culturally defined goals and the uneven distribution of the means necessary to achieve those goals.

Question 5

Subcultural Theory (Albert Cohen)

Answer 5

Seeks to explain the development of “delinquent subculture

Question 6

Delinquent Subculture

Answer 6

made up of young lower class males suffering from a status frustration

Question 7

Status Frustration

Answer 7

failing to succeed in middle-class institutions, especially school, they become socialized into an oppositional subculture which the values of school are inverted

Question 8

non-utalitarian

Answer 8

object which weren’t stolen because they were needed but simply because the act of steeling respected in delinquent subculture.

Question 9

norms

Answer 9

the rules or expectations of behaviour

Question 10

negative sanctions

Answer 10

negative reactions to behaviour

Question 11

positive sanctions

Answer 11

positive reactions to behaviour

Question 12

Labelling Theory (Howard Becker)

Answer 12

theory that labels applied to individuals and groups outside the mainstream become internalized both by those cast as deviant and by the majority group

Question 13

Master Status

Answer 13

a status which dominates any and all other statuses, and may eventually become internalized

Question 14

contested

Answer 14

not everyone agrees

Question 15

Social constructionism

Answer 15

puts forth the idea that certain elements of social life– including deviance, but also gender, “race,” and other elements–are not natural but artificial, created by society or culture.

Question 16

Essentialism

Answer 16

argues that there is something “natural,” “true,” “universal,” and therefore “objectively determined” about these aspects of social life.

Question 17

Stigma

Answer 17

a human attribute that is seen ago discredit an individual’s social identity.

Question 18

Types of Stigma (Goffman)

Answer 18

1. Bodily Stigma
2. Moral Stigma
3. Tribal Stigmas

Question 19

Bodily Stigma

Answer 19

abominations of the body and various physical deformities

Question 20

Moral Stigma

Answer 20

blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will, domineering or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty. These can include imprisonment, addiction, suicidal attempts, alcoholism, homosexuality, unemployment, and radical political behaviour.

Question 21

Tribal Stigma

Answer 21

Tribal stigmas of race, nation, and religion, these being stigma that can be transmitted through lineages and equally contaminate all members of a family.

Question 22

The other

Answer 22

is an image constructed by the dominant culture to characterize subcultures

Question 23

Racializing deviance

Answer 23

making ethnic background a couvert characteristic of deviance, as though all people of a particular ethnic group are involved in the same supposedly deviant behaviour

Question 24

multiculturalism

Answer 24

a set of policies and practices designed to promote respect for cultural differences

Question 25

Assimilation

Answer 25

there is a pressure to assimilate into the dominant culture in Canada

Question 26

Racial profiling`

Answer 26

is one way in which deviance is radicalized. It assumes that the personal characteristics of an individual can be used to predict his or her actions, especially his or her tendency to be engaged in illegal activity

Question 27

Normalized

Answer 27

made to seem normal, right, and good

Question 28

Misogyny

Answer 28

hatred towards women

Question 29

Patriarchal Construct

Answer 29

refers to a social conditions being though of or structured in a way that favours men and boys over women and girls

Question 30

Poverty and Criminality

Answer 30

behaviours associated with poverty and criminality become synonymous with deviance while criminal activity associated with waltz and celebrities are often labelled as 'good buiness'

Question 31

'school-to-prison' hypothesis

Answer 31

the idea that in schools located in poorer often racialized neighbourhoods, there is a biased application of practices such as the 'zero tolerance,' which creates a misleading perception of higher crime rates. Then with labelling theory if you treat them like criminals they are more likely to become criminals.

Question 32

Lower Class

Answer 32

a designations that is often established by looking solely at recorded income, but it covers a broad and far from homogenous set of individuals.

Question 33

social resources

Answer 33

knowledge of the law and legal system, ability to afford a good lawyer, influential social connections, and capacity to present oneself in a way that is deemed 'respectable.' Lower class individuals generally have access to fewer social resources.

Question 34

Impression Management (Goffman)

Answer 34

control of personal information flow to manipulate how other people see and treat you.

Question 35

White Collar Crime (Edwin Sutherland)

Answer 35

``` crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation this term reflects class bias because it infers that regular crime is not committed by 'white collar' citizens ```

Question 36

occupational crimes

Answer 36

offences committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their occupations and offences by employers against their employees

Question 37

corporate crimes

Answer 37

offenses committed by corporate officials for their corporation and the offences of the corporation itself