Chapter 6

Question 1

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 1

a stimulus that evokes a unconditioned response without previous conditions

Question 2

Unconditioned Response

Answer 2

an unlearned action to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Question 3

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

previously neutral stimulus that has, through classical conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 4

Conditioned Response

Answer 4

is a learned response

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Question 7

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 7

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original

Question 8

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 8

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 9

how to know its Positive Reinforcement

Answer 9

response gets strengthened and is followed by a rewarding stimulius

Question 10

how to know its Negative Reinforcement

Answer 10

response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus , Feeling of relief

Question 11

how to know its positive punishment

Answer 11

add something to decrease a behavior

Question 12

how to know its negative punishment

Answer 12

take away something away to decrease behavior

Question 13

this decreases a behavior

Answer 13

punishment

Question 14

this increases a behavior

Answer 14

reinforcement

Question 15

ex) hitting a child for bad behavior

Answer 15

positive punishment

Question 16

ex) getting good grades for studying

Answer 16

positive reinforcement

Question 17

ex) taking away teen’s car for missing curfew

Answer 17

negative punishment

Question 18

ex) turning off alarm clock

Answer 18

negative reinforcement

Question 19

shaping

Answer 19

operant conditioning until you get the desired response

Question 20

preparedness

Answer 20

species-specific predispositions to be cobnditioned in certain ways and not others. ex) human phobias of snakes

Question 21

True or False:

“Reinforcement is typically more effective to create behavior change than punishment is

Answer 21

True

Question 22

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 22

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses

Question 23

fixed interval schedule

Answer 23

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Question 24

variable ratio schedule

Answer 24

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses

Question 25

variable interval schedule

Answer 25

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Question 26

ex) a rat is reinforced for the first lever presss after 1 minute interval has elapsed but the following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, 4 min, and so on (average length of 2 min)

Answer 26

variable interval schedule

Question 27

ex) a salesperson receives a bonus for every fourth gym membership sold

Answer 27

fixed ratio schedule

Question 28

ex) students earn grades by taking exams every three weeks

Answer 28

fixed interval schedule

Question 29

ex) a slot machine in a casino pays off once every six tries on average. The number of nonwinning responses between payoffs varies greatly from on time to the next

Answer 29

variable ratio schedule

Question 30

True or False: "intermittent reinforcement schedules are more effective than continuous reinforcement"

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what is Bandura's theory of Observational learning

Answer 31

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Question 32

who came up with Operant Conditioning

Answer 32

B.F. Skinner

Question 33

Pavlov cames up with this

Answer 33

Classical Conditioning