chapter 6

Question 1

an organism that can synthesize all of its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a

Answer 1

photoautotroph

Question 2

what are the 6 major elements needed to survive, grow, and reproduce

Answer 2

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur

Question 3

a microbe that does NOT require oxygen for metabolism but will use if it available is a

Answer 3

facultative anaerobe

Question 4

a pathogen would most likely be described as a

Answer 4

parasite

Question 5

which of the following is true of passive transport:

a. it requires a gradient
b. it uses the cell wall
c. it includes endocytosis
d. it only moves water

Answer 5

a. it requires a gradient

Question 6

a cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will___ by osmosis:

a. gain water
b. lose water
c. neither gain nor lose water
d. burst

Answer 6

b. lose water

Question 7

psychrophiles would be expected to grow:

a. in hot springs
b. on the human body
c. at refrigeration temperatures
d. at low pH

Answer 7

c. at refrigeration temperatures

Question 8

what are the two categories of essential nutrients

Answer 8

macronutrients

micronutrients

Question 9

macronutrients

Answer 9

required in large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

Question 10

examples of macronutrients

Answer 10

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 11

examples of micronutrients (trace elements)

Answer 11

manganese
zinc
nickel

Question 12

micronutrients (trace elements)

Answer 12

present in much smaller amounts

involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Question 13

2 different terms that describe an organisms sources of carbon

Answer 13

heterotroph

autotroph

Question 14

heterotroph

Answer 14

organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

Question 15

autotroph (self-feeder)

Answer 15

-organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source.
-special capacity to convert CO2 into organic compounds
-NOT nutritionally dependent on other living things
-

Question 16

2 different terms that describe an organisms sources of energy

Answer 16

phototroph

chemotroph

Question 17

phototroph

Answer 17

microbes that photosynthesize

Question 18

chemotroph

Answer 18

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

Question 19

1. define saprobe

2. microbial example

Answer 19

1. free-living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms
2. ex: occupy a niche as decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes.

Question 20

1. define parasite

2. microbial example

Answer 20

1. ordinarily derive nutrients from cells or tissues of a living host.
2. parasites live or on body of a host, which they harm,
   because parasites cause damage to tissues (disease) or even death, they are also called PATHOGENS.

Question 21

2 types of passive transport

Answer 21

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

Question 22

1 type of active transport

Answer 22

carrier- mediated active transport

Question 23

2 types of chemoautotrohps

Answer 23

chemoorganic autotrphs

lithoautotrophs

Question 24

halophile

Answer 24

• common type of osmophile
• prefers high concentrations of salt
• obligate halophiles (halobacterium and halococcus) inhabit salt lakes, ponds, and other hypersaline habitats.
• grow optimally in solutions of 25% NaCl but require at least 9% NaCl (combined with other salts) for growth.

Question 25

psychotroph

Answer 25

- less extreme than psychrophiles | - grow slowly in cold but have optimum temp between 15 degrees celcius and 30 degrees celcius.

Question 26

psychrophile

Answer 26

a microorganism with optimum temp below 15 degrees celcius and is capable of growth at 0 degrees celcius but cannot grow above 20 degrees celcius. storage in the refrigerator incubates, rather than inhibits, them the habitats of them are lakes and rivers, snowfields polar ice, and the deep ocean.

Question 27

mesophile

Answer 27

-majority of medically significant microorganisms. organisms that grow at intermediate temperatures. -the optimum growth temps of most mesophiles fall into -the range of 20 degrees celcius to 40 degrees celcius. -organisms in this group inhabit animals and plants as well as soil and water in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions

Question 28

thermophile

Answer 28

- microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45 degrees Celsius. - heat-loving microbes that live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity, in compost piles, and in habitats directly exposed to the sun.

Question 29

osmophile

Answer 29

live in habitats with a high solute concentration

Question 30

define Doubling Time

Answer 30

- the time required for a complete fission cycle- from parent cell to new daughter call is called the generation or doubling time. - each new fission cycle or generation increases the population by a factor of 2 , or doubles it.

Question 31

other important nutrients

Answer 31

``` sodium (Na) calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) iron (Fe) zinc (Zn) ```

Question 32

active transport

Answer 32

- permeases and pumps | - expenditure of energy

Question 33

endocytosis

Answer 33

way a virus gets into a cell

Question 34

pinocytosis

Answer 34

cell drinking

Question 35

phagocytosis

Answer 35

cell eating

Question 36

minimum temp

Answer 36

lowest temp that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism; below this temp its activities are inhibited

Question 37

maximum temp

Answer 37

highest temp at which growth and metabolism can proceed.

Question 38

cardinal temps

Answer 38

the range of temps for the growth of a given microbial species can be expressed as 3 cardinal temps: - min temp - max temp - optimum temp

Question 39

how does temp affect growth

Answer 39

increased temp breaks chemical bonds

Question 40

3 ways microorganisms function in the presence of differing oxygen conditions

Answer 40

- those that use oxygen & can detoxify it - those that can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it - those that do not use oxygen but can detoxify it

Question 41

capnophile

Answer 41

grow best with higher carbon dioxide tension than is normally present in the environment

Question 42

3 important environmental factors with which organisms must cope

Answer 42

- temp adaption is accomplished by defined ecological groups - certain microbes require a higher carbon dioxide concentration for growth than that found in the atmosphere - the majority of microbes live in hypotonic and/or isotonic solutions

Question 43

5 types of associations microbes can have with their hosts

Answer 43

``` mutualism commensalism parasitism synergism antagonism ```

Question 44

commensalism

Answer 44

1 partner benefits; other member not harmed

Question 45

synergism

Answer 45

members cooperate and share nutrients

Question 46

antagonism

Answer 46

some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

Question 47

the steps of cell division used by most bacteria

Answer 47

1) a young cell 2) chromosome is replicated & new & old chromosomes move to different sides of cell 3) protein band forms in center of cell 4) septum formation begins 5) septum completes & cells divided. some species separate and others remain attached, forming chains or doublets.