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Bio 150 > Chapter 6, 7, and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 6, 7, and 8 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Phototrophs

A

Capture Energy from sunlight

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2
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Get energy directly from chemical compounds

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • Able to convert CO2 into glucose

- Make own organic carbon using inorganic carbon

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Rely on other organisms for their organic forms of carbon

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Entire set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules and transfer energy in living organisms

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units, and in the process produce ATP

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions that builds molecules from smaller units and requires an input of energy (usually ATP)

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8
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Form of Potential Energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms

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9
Q

Entropy

A

Degree of Disorder

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10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Transfer of energy is associated with an increase in entropy

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11
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

A

Amount of energy available to do work

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12
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Release energy and are spontaneous

-G

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13
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Require input of energy and are not spontaneous

+G

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14
Q

Enthalpy

A

(H) total amount of energy

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15
Q

Equation

A

H= G + TS

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16
Q

What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis?

A

Exergonic (releases energy)

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17
Q

Energetic Coupling

A 
Spontaneous reaction (exergonic) drives a non-spontaneous (endergonic) reaction 
Net G is negative
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18
Q

Transition State

A

State between reactants and products

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy needed to reach transition state

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20
Q

Active Site

A

Part of the enzyme that binds substrate (reactant) and catalyzes it

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21
Q

Inhibitors

A

Decrease enzyme activity

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22
Q

Activators

A

Increase enzyme activity

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23
Q

Allosteric enzymes

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A
  • enzymes that are regulated by molecules that bind at sites other than the active site
  • found at/near start of a metabolic pathway or at crossroads of multiple pathways
24
Q

Negative Feedback

Study These Flashcards
A

Final product inhibits the first step of the reaction

25
Cofactor
Substance that associates with an enzyme and plays a key role in its function
26
Enzymes
- Reduce activation energy - small active site, but very specific arrangement of amino acids - highly specific
27
Catalysis
Substrate and product form a complex with the enzyme. Transient covalent bonds and/or weak noncovalent interactions stabilize the complex
28
Do strong bonds have high chemical energy?
No because it does not require a lot of energy to remain intact
29
Is energy needed to break covalent bonds ?
Yes, because going from a lower energy state to a higher energy state requires an input of energy. Covalent bonds have low potential energy because they are strong.
30
Structure of ATP
- Chemical energy in ATP is held in the bonds connecting the phosphate groups because they are negatively charged and tend to repel each other (this means that they have high potential energy) - When new, more stable bonds form with the phosphate, energy is released
31
Is cellular respiration anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic because molecules are broken down
32
Cellular respiration equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
33
How much ATP is produced from 1 molecule of glucose?
32 on average
34
How is ATP generated?
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation The hydrolysis of of phosphorylated organic molecule and the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation (during respiration) Electron carriers transport electrons released to the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons along a series of proteins to a final electron acceptor (02), Energy is harnessed to produce ATP
35
Oxidized form of electron carriers
NAD+ and FAD
36
Reduced form of electron carriers
NADH and FADH2
37
Electron carrier reduction equations
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ -> NADH | FAD + 2e- + H+ -> FADH2
38
Electron carrier oxidation equations
NADH-> NAD+ + 2e- + H+ | FADH2 -> FAD + 2e- + H+
39
Glycolysis
-glucose (6 Carbon molecule) split into 2 pyruvate (3 Carbon molecule) -anaerobic -10 chemical reactions -3 phases: 1. Preparatory phase, uses 2 ATP (adds 2 phosphate groups to glucose). Endergonic 2. Cleavage, 6-carbon split into 2 3-carbon 3. Payoff, ATP, NADH, and 2 pyruvate Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH
40
Pyruvate Oxidation
-Links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle -occurs in the mitochondrial matrix -pyruvate turns into acetyl-CoA Products: 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 acetyl-CoA
41
Citric Acid Cycle
- acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the chemical energy is transferred to ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and to the reduced electron carriers - takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - oxaloacetate is regenerated - produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per molecule of glucose
42
Why do some organisms run the citric acid cycle backwards?
- Allows an organism to build organic molecules | - some bacteria do this
43
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electrons pass through a chain of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. The passage of electrons is coupled to the pumping of protons, into the intermembrane space. When electrons are passed it is a redox couple reaction. This creates a concentration and charge gradient which provides potential energy to synthesize ATP.
44
Complex I
Accepts electrons from NADH
45
Complex II
Accepts electrons from FADH2
46
Oxygen in the Electron Transport Chain
When O2 accepts electrons, it is reduced to form water O2 + 4e- + 4p+ -> 2H2O catalyzed by complex IV
47
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) (ubiquione)
accepts electrons from I and II | 2e- and 2 p+ transferred to CoQ and create CoQH2
48
CoQH2
diffuses in membrane to III @ III, e- from CoQH2 is transferred to cytochrome c and p+ is released into the inner membrane space cytochrome c is reduced and goes to complex IV
49
ATP Synthase
couples the movement of protons with the synthesis of ATP 2 subunits: F0 and F1 F0 forms the channel for proton flow F1 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP Proton flow causes F0 to rotate, which causes F1 to rotate, which causes conformational changes that catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. mechanical rotational energy is converted into the chemical energy of ATP
50
Fermentation
Breakdown of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
51
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in animals and bacteria electrons from NADH transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+ glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP + 2H2O
52
Ethanol Fermentation
in plants and fungi pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde, and e- from NADH transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+ glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + 2H2O
53
Excess glucose
starch- plants | glycogen- animals
54
Fatty Acids
contain triacylglycerols which are an important form of energy storage in cells breakdown of fatty acids is called beta oxidation
55
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
has many allosteric activators, including ADP and AMP, and allosteric inhibitors, including ATP and citrate when ATP levels are low, PFK-1 is activated, allowing glycolysis to continue when ATP or citrate levels are high, PFK-1 is inhibited and glycolysis slows down

Bio 150 (2 decks)

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