Chapter 6

Question 0

Perception

Answer 0

The process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information

The brain

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

The experience of sensory perception

The eyes

Question 2

Parts of the eye

Answer 2

Lens
Fovea
Retina

Question 3

From eye to brain

Answer 3

Information is transmitted from the retina to the brain via the optic nerve

This creates a blind spot

The blind spot has no rods or cones

Question 4

Rods

Answer 4

Periphery of retina

Sensitive when low levels of light

Night vision

Question 5

Cones

Answer 5

Central acuity

Color vision

Question 6

Transduction

Answer 6

Converting light to neural signals

Question 7

V1
Primary vision cortex
Striate cortex

Answer 7

Retinotopic organization

Basic image of visual field, boundaries

Question 8

V2

Prestriate Cortex

Answer 8

Foreground & background

Object segregation

Second major area in the visual cortex, functional properties similar to color

Question 9

V3

Third visual complex

Answer 9

Scientists unsure what it does

Cortical achromatopsia

Question 10

V4

Answer 10

Color processing

Color constancy

Damage in v4 results in grayscale vision

Question 11

V5/MT

Answer 11

Motion & movement

Bilateral damage to this region results in akinetopia (seeing the world as still frames)

Question 12

Traditional color blindness

Answer 12

An inherited gene produces a photo pigment abnormality

Retina damage

Question 13

Biological motion

Answer 13

Movement by humans and animals

Some patients w/ akinetopia can discriminate biological movement

Question 14

Object recognition

Answer 14

Categorizing objects based on certain characteristics

Question 15

“What” route

Answer 15

Temporal lobes (ventral stream)

What is an object?

Question 16

“Where” route

Answer 16

Parietal lobe (dorsal stream)

Where is an object in relation to me & other objects?

Question 17

Pathway from eye to brain

Answer 17

Light -> photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> LGN -> visual cortex

Question 18

Geniculostriate pathway

Answer 18

Goes via lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and terminates in striate cortex (V1)

Question 19

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 19

Thalamus is primary relay center for sensory information

Primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye

LGN receives information directly from the ascending retinal ganglion cells via the optic tract

Neurons of the LGN send their axons through the optic radiation, a pathway directly to the primary visual cortex

Question 20

LGN

Answer 20

• each LGN contains info from both eyes

- incoming info is segregated into 6 diff.neuronal layers

Question 21

Parvocellular/ P layers

Answer 21

Upper 4 layers of LGN

Small cell bodies

Respond to detail & color vision

Question 22

Mangocellular/ M layers

Answer 22

Lower 2 layers of LGN

Large cell bodies

Sensitive to movement

Respond to larger areas of visual field

Question 23

1st Stage of object recognition

Answer 23

Visual processing involves basic elements such as edges, contrast, and orientations

Question 24

2nd Stage of object recognition

Answer 24

Grouping these elements into higher order units that code cues and segregate surface into foreground and background

Question 25

3rd Stage of object recognition

Answer 25

Observed images are then matched to a memory representation of the 3D structure of objects

Question 26

Final Stage of object recognition

Answer 26

Meaning is attributed to the stimulus and other information becomes available I.e. name

Question 27

Law of proximity

Answer 27

Visual elements are likely to be grouped if they are closer together

Question 28

Law of similarity

Answer 28

Elements will be grouped together if they share visual attributes (I.e. Shape, color)

Question 29

Law of good continuation

Answer 29

Edges are grouped together to avoid changes or interruptions

Question 30

Law of closure

Answer 30

Missing parts are filled in

Question 31

Law of common fate

Answer 31

Elements that move together tend to be grouped together

Question 32

Recognizing faces is different from other object recognition

Answer 32

Inability to recognize previously familiar faces

Question 33

Color constancy

Answer 33

The color of a surface is perceived as constant even when illuminated in different lighting conditions.

Question 34

Why do we have on/off center surround cells?

Answer 34

To emphasize borders & boundaries