chapter 6

Question 1

what are the biogenic amines?

Answer 1

1. dopamine
2. norepinephrine
3. epinephrine
4. serotonin
5. histamine

Question 2

the nicotinic Ach receptor type?

Answer 2

ionotropic

Question 3

the nicotinic Ach receptor at the neuromuscular junction is sensitive to which toxin produced by the kreit fish?

Answer 3

alpha-bungarotoxin

Question 4

muscarinic Ach receptor type

Answer 4

metabotropic

Question 5

muscarinic Ach receptor number of domains

Answer 5

7 helical membrane spanning domains

Question 6

what are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?

Answer 6

1. AMPA - larger
2. NMDA - slower and longer
3. Kainate - rise quick decay slow

Question 7

AMPA receptor characteristics

Answer 7

• 4 subunits
• Y shaped
• tetrameric
• clam shaped ligand binding domain that shuts when binding occurs

Question 8

NMDA receptor characteristics

Answer 8

• pore allows entry of Ca, K, Na
• Mg2+ blocks pore at hyperpolarized potentials
• gating requires co agonist glycine
• 2 glutamate binding subunits and 2 glycine binding subunits
• clamshell ligan binding domain

Question 9

how many classes of metabotropic glutamate receptors?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

characteristics of metabotropic glutamate receptors?

Answer 10

• transmembrane x 7

- dimers of 2 subunits w venus flytrap domain attached by cysteine linker

Question 11

GABA/ Glycine are inhibitory or excitatory usually?

Answer 11

inhibitory

Question 12

enzyme that creates GABA

Answer 12

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) - requires cofactor in vitamin B6

Question 13

2 types of GABA receptors and type of each

Answer 13

• GABAa = ionotropic

- GABAb = metabotropic

Question 14

GABAa characteristics:

Answer 14

• main permeant ion = Cl-
• pentamers: 2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 gamma
• binds benzodiazepines (anxiety reducing), barbiturates, ethanol, and ketamine

Question 15

GABAb characteristics

Answer 15

• works by activation of K+ and channels and blockages of Ca2+ channels
• heterodimers of B1 and B2 subunits

Question 16

GABA main precursor

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

Glycine main precursor

Answer 17

serine by hydroxymethyltransferase

Question 18

how is GABA activity terminated?

Answer 18

converted to succinate and led to TCA

Question 19

how is glutamate activity terminated?

Answer 19

by excitatory amino acid transporters

Question 20

glycine activity terminated by

Answer 20

glycine transporters

Question 21

glycine receptor characteristics?

Answer 21

• pentamers, mix of 4 alpha and accessory beta
• blocked by strychnine
• ligand gated Cl- channels (ionotropic)
• Cl - inhibitory

Question 22

the 3 catecholamines

Answer 22

1. dopamine
2. norepinephrine
3. epinephrine

Question 23

location of dopamine

Answer 23

corpus striatum

Question 24

cause of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 24

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra

Question 25

dopamine involved in what behaviors

Answer 25

motivation, reward, reinforcement

Question 26

how is dopamine removed from cleft?

Answer 26

uptake by Na+ dependent transporter DAT

Question 27

how does cocaine exert its effects?

Answer 27

inhibits DAT, no reuptake of dopamine

Question 28

what do amphetamines do?

Answer 28

inhibit DAT (no dopamine reuptake) and norepinephrine transporter (NET)

Question 29

what type of receptors are activated by dopamine?

Answer 29

G protein coupled

Question 30

Norepinephrine location

Answer 30

locus coeruleus with forebrain targets

Question 31

norepinephrine involved in what behaviors

Answer 31

sleep and wake, arousal, attention, feeding

Question 32

how is norepinephrine removed from cleft?

Answer 32

by norepinephrine transporter

Question 33

type of receptor for norepinephrine

Answer 33

G protein coupled alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 34

epinephrine location

Answer 34

lateral segmental system and medulla

Question 35

epinephrine involved in:

Answer 35

respiration and cardiac function

Question 36

receptor type for epinephrine

Answer 36

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 37

histamine location and involved in...

Answer 37

hypothalamus, arousal and attention, vestibular system, allergies

Question 38

receptors for histamine

Answer 38

4 metabotropic receptors

Question 39

serotonin location and involvement in....

Answer 39

raphe region of pons and upper brainstem, sleep and wake

Question 40

serotonin removed from cleft by:

Answer 40

serotonin transporter (SERT)

Question 41

many antidepressant drugs act on which transporter

Answer 41

serotonin transporter SERT

Question 42

LSD mechanism

Answer 42

causes hallucinations by activation of many types of metabotropic receptors

Question 43

ATP is released as a co transmitter in some instances and is removed from cleft how?

Answer 43

by enzymes that degrade it to adenosine

Question 44

3 classes of purinergic receptors

Answer 44

- P2X receptors - ionotropic | - 2 types of G protein coupled receptors

Question 45

5 categories of peptide neurotransmitters

Answer 45

1. brain gut peptides 2. pituitary peptides 3. opioid peptides 4. hypothalamic releasing hormones 5. not easily classified

Question 46

what is substance P ?

Answer 46

a brain gut peptide, that is a hypotensive agent, found in neocortex, hippocampus, GI tract

Question 47

3 categories of opioid receptors

Answer 47

1. endorphins 2. enkephalins 3. dynorphins

Question 48

all neuropeptides use what kinds of receptor?

Answer 48

G protein coupled

Question 49

receptor for endocannabinoids

Answer 49

CB1 receptor - G protein coupled

Question 50

what is nitric oxide?

Answer 50

an unconventional neurotransmitter that is a gas signal and a 2nd messenger