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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

the increase in the number of cells, not cell size

A

microbial growth

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2
Q

What are the 3 physical requirements of growth

A

temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure

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3
Q

what are the 5 chemical requirements of growth

A

C, N, S, P, O

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4
Q

Organisms having a growth temperature optimum of 15 degrees or lower, but no higher than 120 degrees

A

psychrophiles

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5
Q

Organisms that grow best in moderate temperature. Typically between 14-21 degrees

A

Mesophile

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6
Q

Organisms that grow better at higher than normal temperatures

A

Thermophile

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7
Q

At what pH does most bacteria grow at

A

6.5-7.5

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8
Q

what pH do molds and yeasts grow between

A

5 and 6

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9
Q

these bacteria grow in acidic environments

A

acidophiles

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10
Q

Bacteria that grow optimally above 15 degrees and maximally above 20 degrees. They still prefer cold temps

A

psychrotrophes

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11
Q

Bacteria that thrive in extremely hot temperatures. Grow optimally above 80 degrees.

A

hyperthermophiles

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12
Q

This is an environment where if you increased the concentration of salt or sugar would result in plasmolysis

A

Hypertonic

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13
Q

These require high osmotic pressure to grow

A

Extreme halophiles or obligate halophiles

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14
Q

these tolerate high osmotic pressure

A

Facultative halophiles

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15
Q

These are inorganic elements that are required in small amounts

A

Trace elements

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16
Q

what are trace elements usually used for

A

enzyme cofactors

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17
Q

Oxygen is boosted to a higher-energy state

A

Singlet Oxygen

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18
Q

What are the 4 tonic forms of Oxygen?

A
  1. singlet oxygen
  2. superoxide free radicals
  3. peroxide anion
  4. hydroxyl radical
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19
Q

A laboratory environment that has no oxygen and grows anaerobes. Uses a color indicator to ensure environment is oxygen-free

A

Anaerobic jar

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20
Q

Contains chemicals (thioglycollate or oxyrase) that bind oxygen resulting in an oxygen gradient

A

reducing media

21
Q

In a reducing media, what color does the broth turn when oxidized

A

red

22
Q

What are the 5 required organic growth factors?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. vitamins
  3. amino acids
  4. purines
  5. pyrimidines
23
Q

Nutrients prepared for microbial growth

A

culture medium

24
Q

a medium free of microorganisms

A

sterile media

25
Q

introduction of microbes into a medium

A

inoculum

26
Q

microbes growing in/on culture medium

A

culture

27
Q

This is a complex polysaccharide that is generally not metabolized by microbes and used as a solidifying agent for culture media

A

agar

28
Q

This type of media suppresses unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes

A

selective media

29
Q

This media makes is easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes (sometimes indicated with a color change)

A

differential media

30
Q

This type of media encourages growth of the desired microbe

A

Enrichment Media

31
Q

What kind of plate do you use to separate organisms

A

streak plate

32
Q

this kind of culture contains only one species or strain

A

Pure culture

33
Q

this is a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells

A

colony

34
Q

What are the 3 types of ways to preserve bacterial cultures

A
  1. deep freezing
  2. cryogenic preservation typically
  3. lyophilization (freeze-drying)
35
Q

A type of freezing that occurs between -50 to -95 degrees

A

deep-freezing

36
Q

A type of freezing the occurs in dry ice, liquid nitrogen, or using cryoprotectants

A

cryogenic preservation typically

37
Q

A type of freezing that occurs at -54 to-72 degrees and is dehydrated in a vacuum

A

lyophilization

38
Q

Where are the 3 places that binary fission occurs

A
  1. bacteria
  2. mitochondria
  3. chloroplasts
39
Q

A way to track the exponential grown of bacteria

A

log scale

40
Q

What are the 4 phases of growth

A
  1. lag phase
  2. log phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase
41
Q

How do you calculate the number of bacteria in one mL

A

Number of cells counted/ volume of area counted

42
Q

What are 4 indirect methods of calculating metabolic activity

A
  1. consumption of nutrients or elements such as O2
  2. detection of metabolic products
  3. dry weight
  4. turbidity
43
Q

This measures the absorbance of light going through a test tube to detect turbidity and how much bacteria is present

A

spectrophotometer

44
Q

biofilms are composed of the substance that is mostly made up of polysaccharides

A

matrix

45
Q

What are 4 ways that biofilms protect from environmental factors

A
  1. dessication
  2. antibiotics
  3. immune system
  4. microbicides
46
Q

cell-to-cell communication

A

Quorum sensing

47
Q

This is a community of bacteria, a mixture of microorganisms

A

biofilms

48
Q

what is desiccation in biofilms

A

sugar attracts H2O; prevents drying out

49
Q

What are some consequences of biofilms in medical settings

A

biofilms can accumulate on medical instruments(ex. needles, catheters). Biofilms can break off and spread causing sepsis in different parts of the body.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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