Chapter 6

Question 1

the chemical composition and the molecular structure of chemical species determine the type and overall strength of its _______ forces

Answer 1

intermolecular

Question 2

the attractive forces that exist between all molecules and forms
forces that hold liquids and solids together
responsible for the very existence of condensed states/phases of matter

Answer 2

intermolecular forces

Question 3

The phases of matter depend on the magnitude of the intermolecular forces between the constituent particles, relative to the amount of ____ energy

Answer 3

thermal

Question 4

When thermal energy is high, matter tends to be _____

Answer 4

gaseous

Question 5

When thermal energy is low, matter tends to be _____ or _____

Answer 5

liquid, solid

Question 6

phases
_____ and _____ cannot be squashed
_____ can be squashed

Answer 6

solid and liquid

gas

Question 7

____ is a form of matter that is uniform throughout in both chemical composition and physical state

Answer 7

phase

Question 8

the temperature at which a liquid boils and changes to vapor

Answer 8

boiling point

Question 9

the temperature at which a given solid will melt

Answer 9

melting point

Question 10

attractions exist between molecules. It takes energy to break these attractions. The stronger the attractions between molecules, the ____ energy it takes to break the attractions; therefore, the melting and boiling points _____

Answer 10

more; increase

Question 11

measure of resistance to flow

Answer 11

viscosity

Question 12

stronger attractions between molecules mean the molecules do not slip past one another easily - ____ viscous substance

Answer 12

more

Question 13

weaker attractions mean the molecules can slip past one another easily - _____ viscous substance

Answer 13

less

Question 14

intermolecular forces

Answer 14

in between

Question 15

intramolecular forces

Answer 15

within

Question 16

What are the types of intramolecular forces? characteristics?

Answer 16

ionic bonds - between positively and negatively charged ions (metals/nonmetals)
metallic bonds - between metal atoms
covalent bonds - within molecules (composed of nonmetals and/or semimetals)

Question 17

a force that holds together the atoms or ions within a molecule or compound

Answer 17

intramolecular forces

Question 18

intramolecular forces are usually ______ than intermolecular forces

Answer 18

stronger

Question 19

intermolecular forces are strong enough to control _____ properties like boiling/melting points and viscosities

Answer 19

physical

Question 20

Attractive interactions that exist between molecules (or between a molecule and ion)

Answer 20

intermolecular forces

Question 21

what are the types of intermolecular forces in order from strongest (top) to weakest (bottom)?

Answer 21

ion-dipole
hydrogen bond
dipole-dipole 
dipole-induced dipoled
London dispersion

Question 22

ion-dipole exists between…

Answer 22

an ion and a polar molecule

Question 23

a hydrogen bond exists between…

Answer 23

a polar molecule with an H atom bonded to N, O, or F and a polar molecule with an N, O, or F atom

Question 24

dipole-dipole exists between…

Answer 24

a polar molecule and a polar molecule

Question 25

dipole-induced dipole exists between...

Answer 25

a polar molecule and a nonpolar molecule (or an individual atom)

Question 26

London dispersion exists between...

Answer 26

everything (only force that exists between nonpolar molecules or individual atoms)

Question 27

London dispersion forces are _____ and ____ dipoles

Answer 27

temporary; induced

Question 28

a momentary uneven distribution of electrons

Answer 28

temporary dipoles

Question 29

a momentary uneven distribution of electrons caused by another dipole

Answer 29

induced dipoles

Question 30

As molar mass increases, the number of electrons increases. A larger electron cloud is more polarizable. Therefore, the strength of the dispersion forces _____.

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

Greater polarizability leads to stronger temporary dipoles, and stronger intermolecular forces, so London dispersion forces become _____

Answer 31

stronger

Question 32

In LDF, the bigger the molar mass, the _____ the boiling point

Answer 32

higher

Question 33

When substances with similar molar masses and chemical features are compared, the ones with more ______ ____ have more opportunity to interact, and therefore, have stronger attractions

Answer 33

surface area

Question 34

intermolecular force between polar molecules which have a permanent dipole

Answer 34

dipole-dipole

Question 35

dipole-dipole: must first determine bond _____ and molecular ____ this separation of charges is referred to as dipole _____

Answer 35

polarity x2 | movement

Question 36

a strong dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between an H atom bonded to N, O, or F and another N, O, or F

Answer 36

hydrogen bond

Question 37

Hydrogen bonding often dictates the shape of ______ molecules or strength of ______ materials

Answer 37

biological; natural

Question 38

polar molecules can interact with ions in

Answer 38

ion-dipole interactions

Question 39

London dispersion they are the _____ of the intermolecular attractions they are present in ____ molecules and atoms their magnitude _____ with molar mass

Answer 39

weakest all increases

Question 40

Polar molecules have ______ _____ attractive forces

Answer 40

dipole-dipole

Question 41

Hydrogen bonds a type of ______ _____ interaction the _____ of the intermolecular attractive forces a ____ substance can have present when a molecule has H directly bonded to either __, ___, or ___ atoms

Answer 41

dipole-dipole strongest; pure O, N, F

Question 42

Ion-dipole attractions present in mixtures of _____ compounds with _____ molecules the _____ of the intermolecular interaction s especially important in _____ solutions of ionic compounds

Answer 42

ionic; polar strongest aqueous

Question 43

the stronger the attractions between the atoms or molecules, the more ____ it will take to separate them

Answer 43

energy

Question 44

boiling a liquid requires adding enough _____ to overcome all attractions between the particles However, it does not require breaking the _____ bonds (or ______ forces)

Answer 44

energy | covalent; intramolecular

Question 45

The _____ the normal boiling point, the stronger the intermolecular attractive forces

Answer 45

higher

Question 46

solubility depends, in part, on the attractive forces of the ____ and _____ molecules "____ dissolves _____" miscible liquids will always dissolve in ____ ____

Answer 46

solute and solvent like dissolves like each other

Question 47

polar substances dissolve in ____ solvents | nonpolar substances dissolve in _____ solvents

Answer 47

polar | nonpolar

Question 48

"water-fearing"

Answer 48

hydrophobic

Question 49

Why don't water and oil mix?

Answer 49

Water molecules are polar and pentane molecules are nonpolar

Question 50

component of a solution present in the largest number of moles

Answer 50

solvent

Question 51

component other than solvent in solution

Answer 51

solute

Question 52

maximum quantity of a substance that can dissolve in given volume of solution (g/L)

Answer 52

solubility

Question 53

A polar solute is _____ in a polar solvent and _____ in a nonpolar solvent

Answer 53

soluble; insoluble

Question 54

A nonpolar solute is ____ in a polar solvent and _____ in a nonpolar solvent

Answer 54

insoluble; soluble

Question 55

An ionic solute is _____ in a polar solvent and _____ in a nonpolar solvent

Answer 55

soluble; insoluble

Question 56

"water-loving"

Answer 56

hydrophilic

Question 57

Will HOCH2CH2OH dissolve in water?

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

Limited solubility between polar and nonpolar molecules

Answer 58

dipole-induced dipole

Question 59

The state of a substance (s,l,g) is dependent upon the strength of _____ forces, _____, and _____

Answer 59

intermolecular, temperature, pressure

Question 60

Graphs of pressure (y-axis) vs. temperature (x-axis) used to represent which phases of a substance are most stable at different combinations of temperature and pressure

Answer 60

phase diagram

Question 61

temperature and pressure at which all 3 phases of a substance coexist changes in phases all in equilibrium where on phase diagram is this located?

Answer 61

triple point | bottom left on line between solid and gas

Question 62

specific temperature and pressure at which liquid and gas phases have the same density and are indistinguishable from each other where on phase diagram is this located?

Answer 62

critical point | top right on line between liquid and gas; right before supercritical fluid area

Question 63

substance in a state that is above the temperature and pressure of the critical point. substance can act as a liquid and gas where on phase diagram is this located?

Answer 63

supercritical fluid | very top right

Question 64

where is the melting and boiling point on a phase diagram?

Answer 64

both in the middle melting: on line between solid and liquid boiling: on line between liquid and gas