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psychology exam 2 > Chapter 6-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-9 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What are instincts?

A

Behaviors triggered by a broader range of events (i.e. aging, change of seasons)

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2
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus

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3
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

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4
Q

Define unconditioned response.

A

A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

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5
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning)

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6
Q

Define conditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS

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9
Q

Define spontaneous recovery.

A

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

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10
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

The process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

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11
Q

Define operant conditioning.

A

A form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

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12
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by watching others and then imitating

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13
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

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14
Q

Define positive punishment.

A

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

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15
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

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16
Q

Define negative punishment.

A

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

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17
Q

What is shaping?

A

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

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18
Q

Define continuous reinforcement.

A

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

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19
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

The organism does not get reinforced every time it displays the desired behavior (they are reinforced intermittently)

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20
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts

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21
Q

Define role schema.

A

Makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

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22
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life

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23
Q

What does trial and error involve?

A

Continue trying different solutions until the problem is solved

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24
Q

Define algorithm.

A

Step-by-step problem-solving formula

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25
What is a heuristic?
General problem-solving framework
26
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
27
Define hindsight bias.
Leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn’t
28
What is representative bias?
A tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something
29
What are multiple intelligences according to Gardner?
Theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
30
Define logical-mathematical intelligence.
Logical reasoning and problem-solving
31
What is spatial intelligence?
Visualisation learning
32
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence quotient
33
What is a bell curve?
Any score between one standard deviation above and below the mean is considered an average
34
Define standard deviations.
Describe how data are dispersed in a population
35
What is the Flynn effect?
Observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
36
What is the nature perspective on intelligence?
Intelligence is inherited from a person’s parents
37
Define the nurture perspective on intelligence.
Intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental environment
38
What is dyslexia?
An inability to correctly process letters
39
What is dysgraphia?
A learning disability resulting in a struggle to write legibly
40
Define encoding.
Input of information into the memory system
41
What is storage in memory?
Creation of a permanent record of information
42
Define retrieval.
An act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
43
What is automatic processing?
Encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
44
Define effortful processing.
Encoding of details that takes time and effort
45
What is sensory memory?
Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
46
Define short-term memory.
A temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
47
What is long-term memory?
Continuous storage of information
48
What is rehearsal?
The conscious repetition of information to be remembered
49
Define episodic memory.
Information about events we have personally experienced
50
What is recognition in memory?
Being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
51
Define relearning.
Learning information that you previously learned
52
What is flashbulb memory?
A record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations
53
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to remember new information after the point of trauma
54
Define retrograde amnesia.
Loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma
55
What is suggestibility?
Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
56
Define storage decay.
Unused information tends to fade away
57
What is elaborative rehearsal?
A technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
58
Define mnemonic device.
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
59
What is physical development?
Growth and changes in the body and brain, senses, motor skills, and health/wellness
60
Define cognitive development.
Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
61
What is psychosocial development?
Emotions, personality, and social relationships
62
What are developmental milestones?
Approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
63
What is the psychosocial theory of development?
Process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
64
Define cognitive theory of development.
Focused on children’s cognitive growth and theorized that cognitive abilities develop through specific stages
65
What is assimilation?
Incorporates information into existing schemata
66
Define accommodation.
Change schemata based on new information
67
What is a zygote?
Structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta
68
What are newborn reflexes?
Inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation (help the newborn survive)
69
Define attachment.
A long-standing connection or bond with others
70
What characterizes secure attachment?
Child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
71
Define authoritative style of parenting.
Parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view
72
What is authoritarian style of parenting?
Parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
73
What is cognitive empathy?
The ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
74
Define socioemotional selective theory.
As we get older, our social support and friendships dwindle in number but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years

psychology exam 2 (1 decks)

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