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RCoN Patho Ch 6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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2
Q

carcinoa

A

malignant tumor

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3
Q

tumor

A

swelling caused by # of conditions including inflammation, trauma ; mass of cells that arise b/c of overgrowth

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4
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and in uncoordinated with normal tissue; classified as benign or malignant

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5
Q

benign neoplasm

A

contain well differentiated cells; clustered together in single mass

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6
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

less well differentiated cells, have ability to break loose and enter circ or lymph system and from 2ndry malignancy tumor

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7
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal growth and proliferations of abnormal cells

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8
Q

metastasisc

A

when cells detach from original tumor mass, invading surrounding tissue; enters blood or lymph system ; develops 2ndry tumor

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9
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

localized preinvasive lesion

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10
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of cell differentiation in cancer tissue

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11
Q

a tumor is named

A

by adding suffix -oma to the parenchymal tissue from which the growth originated or -carcinoma used to designate malignancy

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12
Q

benign tumors have lost

A

their ability to supress genetic program for cell proliferation but retained program for cell differentition; grow nd exapnd but remain localized- develop a fibrous capsule and a line of demarcation

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13
Q

malignant tumors cell growth

A

is uncoordinated, altered cell differentiation and growth

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14
Q

what problem does malignant tumor uncoordinated altered cell differentiation cause?

A

malignant neoplasms- invade and destroy nearby tissue- spread-grow rapidly-potential to cause death

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15
Q

cell characteristics of benign turmors

A

well differentiated, resemble cells is tissue or organ

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16
Q

cell characteristics of malignant turmor

A

undifferentiated, with anaplasia, atyplical structure often w/ little resemblance of cells in the tissue of origin

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17
Q

rate of growth of benign tumors

A

proggressive and slow- may come to standstill or regress

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18
Q

rate of growth of malignant tumor

A

variable- depends on level of differentiation= more undifferentiated cells= more rapid growth

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19
Q

undifferentiated cells

A

more rapid growth

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20
Q

manner of growth, benign tumor

A

by expansion- doesnt invade surrounding tissue- usually encapsulated

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21
Q

manner of growth malignant

A

grows by invasion, sends out processes that infiltrate surrounding tissue

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22
Q

metastasis of benign tumor

A

do not metastasize

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23
Q

metastasis of malignant tumors

A

gains access to blood nd lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of body

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24
Q

potential for death-benign tumor

A

only if tumor interferes with vital functions b/c of location

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25
potential for death-malignancy
yes, b/c rapid growth, compress blood vessels, outgrown blood supply->ischemia and tissue injury-> causes imflammation
26
difference between cancer cells and normal cell
abnormal miotic division due to increased proliferation
27
cancer cells characterized by 2 main features
abnormal and rapid proliferations and loss of differentiation
28
spread of cancer through 3 pathways
direct invasion and extension seeding metastatic spread
29
direct invasion and extension
synthesize and secrete enzymes that breakdown protein's-> infaltration, invasion, penetration into surround tissue-> crablike projections
30
seeding of cancer
in body cavities occur when tumor sheds cells into body cavities peritoneal space
31
metastic spread
through blood or lymph system
32
lymphatic metastatic cancer spread
first evidence of disease is presence of tumor cells in lymph nodes that drain the tumor area (breast cancer often spreads through lymph system)
33
sentinel node
used to describe initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains
34
hematologic metastatic cancer spread
blood spread- cancer cells enter venous flow that drains from tumor site - can also enter tumor associated blood vessels
35
why is the liver a common site of metastasis
before entering general circulation- venous blood from gastro tract, pancreas, and spleen is routed through the portal vein in the liver
36
key to metastasis
cancer cell must break loose from primary tumor, invade surroudning extracellular matrix, gain access to blood vessel, surive through blood stream, invade surround tissue, grow, estahblish blood supply
37
2 categories for etiology of cancer
genetic and molecular mechanisms | host and environmental factors
38
genetic and molecular mechanisms for causing cancer
cancer related genes are due to either over or under activity in gene
39
proto-oncogenes
associated with overactivity of gene; normal genes that become cnacer causing oncogenes if activated
40
tumor suppressor genes
gene underactivity- creates enviro in which cancer is promtoted- prevents cell division
41
host factors include
heredity, hormones, immunologic mechanisms
42
heredity- host factor cause of cancer
pre-disposition to 50 cancers possible- which follow medelian inheritance patterns for single gene mutation- some cancers have normal autosomal dominant inheritance that increase risk of developing tumor usually a point mutuation occurs in a single allele of a tumor supressor gene
43
hormone- host factor causes of cancer
w/ respect to breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer in women; testicular and prostate cancer in men thought that hormones have ability to drive cell division of malignant phenotype- also concern for therapeutic hormones
44
immunologic host factor causes of cancer
sub evidence- central concept says immune plays role in resistance against development of tumors- thought that cancer development associated with impairment or decline in immune system
45
environmental cancer causing factors
chemical carcinogen radiation oncogenic viruses
46
chemical carcinogen-environmental cause
direct or indirect
47
direct chemical carcinogen
reacting agents do not require activation in the body to become carcinogenic
48
indirect chemical carcinogen
reacting agents )procarcinogens or initiators) become active only after metabolic activation
49
examples of chemical carcinogens
cigarette smoke (both procarcinogengs and initiators) chewing tobacco polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons alcohol
50
radiation- environmental cancer cause
ionizing radiation and UV radiation
51
ionizing radiation- environmental cancer cause
effects in carcinogenesis have been well documented- cancer development depends on dose of radiation, gender, and age
52
UV radiation- environmental cancer cause
sunlight=low energy rays that not penetrate deep=skin cancer develops in areas exposed= higher incidence in light complex ppl
53
oncogenic virus- environmental cancer cause
virus that can induce cancer- plays role particularly in leukemia and lymphoma
54
4 DNS viruses identified to cause cancer
HPV, epstein barr, hep b and human herpes virus in people with AIDS
55
clinical manifestations of cancer
usually reflect primary site of involvement (local symptoms) and produces generalized manifestations unrelated to tumor site (paraneoplastic symtoms)
56
tissue integrity (local) clinical manifestrations
tumors grow- compress and erode blood vessles->ulceration and necrosis-> frank bleeding and hemorrhage
57
early sign of colorectal cancer?
blood in the stool
58
damaged tissues doesnt
heal normally; sore that doesnt heal is a sign of cancer
59
most common cause of pleural effusion
lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphomas
60
common presenting signs of ovarian cancer
fluid in peritoneal cavity, increased urine urgency, feeling swelling/heaviness, short of breath
61
systemic manifestations (systemic)
some manifestations not directly linked to presence of tumor mass but to altered metabolic pathways and presence of circulating cytokines and other mediators
62
anorexia and cachexia
charac. by decre food intake, decreased taste, muscle wasting, due to hypermetabolic state and altered nutrition metabolism
63
fatigue and sleep loss
due to cancer itself and cancer treatent. not relieved by sleep or rest and can persist for months or years after treatment
64
anemia
may be related to blood loss, hemolysis, decreased RBC prod and secondary to treatments

RCoN Patho Ch 6 (1 decks)

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