Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

First person to see cells

Question 2

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

First to observe living cells

Question 3

Magnification

Answer 3

Ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

Question 4

Resolution

Answer 4

Measure of clarity of the image - the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

Question 5

Contrast

Answer 5

Difference in brightness between light and dark parts of image

Question 6

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 6

Focuses beam of electrons onto surface of specimen

Question 7

Transmission electron microscope

Answer 7

Focuses beam of electrons through specimen

Question 8

Cell fractionation

Answer 8

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another

Question 9

Plasma membrane

Answer 9

Selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Use the information from the DNA to make proteins

Question 12

Nuclear envelope

Answer 12

Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 13

Double membrane

Answer 13

Each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

Question 14

Nuclear pores

Answer 14

Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

Question 15

Nuclear lamina

Answer 15

Netlike array of proteins that maintains the shape of the nucleus

Question 16

Chromosome

Answer 16

Discrete unit of DNA in the nucleus

Question 17

Nucleolus

Answer 17

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 18

Endomembrane system

Answer 18

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, detoxifies, smooth/rough

Question 20

Glycoproteins

Answer 20

Proteins covslently bonded to carbohydrates

Question 21

Cisternae

Answer 21

Flattened membranous sacs

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can hydrolysis macromolecules

Question 23

Autophagy

Answer 23

Recycling the cells own organelles by self-eating

Question 24

Food vacuoles

Answer 24

Formed by phagocytosis

Question 25

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 25

Pump excess water out of cells

Question 26

Central vacuoles

Answer 26

Contain solution called sap, store ions

Question 27

Mitochondria

Answer 27

Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 28

Chloroplasts

Answer 28

In plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis

Question 29

Chlorophyll

Answer 29

Green pigment found in plant cells

Question 30

Thylakoids

Answer 30

Membranous sacs stacked to form a granum

Question 31

Stroma

Answer 31

Internal fluid of a chloroplast

Question 32

Peroxiosomes

Answer 32

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Question 33

Cytoskeleton

Answer 33

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Question 34

Microtubules

Answer 34

Thickest - tubulin polymers

Question 35

Microfilaments

Answer 35

Thinnest - actin filaments

Question 36

Intermediate filaments

Answer 36

Middle ranged thickness - keratin proteins

Question 37

Centrosome

Answer 37

Microtubule-organizing center

Question 38

Centrioles

Answer 38

Nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

Question 39

Flagella and cilia

Answer 39

Locomotor appendages of some cells; flagella are only in sperm cells

Question 40

Actin

Answer 40

Globular protein in a twisted double chain

Question 41

Pseudopodia

Answer 41

Cellular extensions helping cells crawl along a surface

Question 42

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 42

Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-protein interactions

Question 43

Collagen

Answer 43

Most common glycoproteins- about 40% of the human body

Question 44

Proteoglycans

Answer 44

Core of protein with lots (up to 95%) of carbohydrates

Question 45

Fibronectin

Answer 45

Binding to cell surface proteins

Question 46

Integrity

Answer 46

Attached microfilaments of cytoskeleton

Question 47

Cell junctions

Answer 47

Facilitate contact and communication between neighboring cells

Question 48

Plasmodesmata

Answer 48

Channels that connect plant cell walls

Question 49

Tight junctions

Answer 49

Proteins seal gap between membranes of neighboring cells

Question 50

Desmosomes

Answer 50

Proteins fasten cells together into strong sheets

Question 51

Gap junctions

Answer 51

Proteins make cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells