Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Thyroid Cartilage
A
the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple
2
Q
Musculoskeletal system
A
- the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
- bones, joints, muscles
3
Q
muscle
A
tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part
4
Q
ligament
A
tissue that connects bone to bone
5
Q
tendon
A
tissue that connects muscle to bone
6
Q
respiratory system
A
- obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
7
Q
cardiovascular system
A
- pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
- heart, arteries, veins
8
Q
Blood system
A
- transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and promotes clotting to control bleeding
- plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
9
Q
lymphatic system
A
- helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system
- tonsils/adenoids, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
10
Q
nervous system
A
- receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s response
- brain, spinal cord, nerves
11
Q
digestive system
A
- ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body
- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
12
Q
integumentary system
A
- forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation
- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
13
Q
endocrine system
A
- regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
- pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
14
Q
renal/urinary system
A
- filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
15
Q
male reproductive system
A
- produces sperm for reproduction
- testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
16
Q
female reproductive system
A
- produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby
- ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, breasts
17
Q
3 main functions of the musculoskeletal system
A
- to give the body shape
- to protect vital internal organs
- to provide for body movement
18
Q
Skull
A
the bony structure of the head
19
Q
cranium
A
the top, back and sides of the skull
20
Q
mandible
A
the lower jaw-bone
21
Q
maxillae
A
the two fused bones forming the upper jaw
22
Q
nasal bones
A
the nose bones
23
Q
orbits
A
the bony structure around the eyes; the eye sockets
24
Q
zygomatic arches
A
bones that form the structure of the cheeks
25
vertebrae
the thirty-three bones of the spinal column
26
thorax
the chest
27
sternum
the breastbone
28
manubrium
the superior portion of the sternum
29
xiphoid process
the inferior portion of the sternum (breastbone)
30
pelvis
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
31
ilium
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
32
ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
33
pubis
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
34
acetabulum
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
35
femur
the large bone of the thigh
36
patella
the kneecap
37
tibia
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
38
fibula
the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
39
malleolus
protrusion on the side of the ankle
40
tarsals
the ankle bones
41
metatarsals
the foot bones
42
phalanges
the toe bones and finger bones
43
clavicle
the collar bone
44
scapula
the shoulder blade
45
acromion process
the higher portion of the shoulder
46
acromioclavicular joint
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
47
humerus
the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow
48
radius
the lateral bone of the forearm
49
ulna
the medial bone of the forearm
50
carpals
the wrist bones
51
metacarpals
the hand bones
52
joint
the point where two bones come together
53
voluntary muscle/skeletal muscle
muscle that can be consciously controlled
54
involuntary muscle/smooth muscle
muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
55
cardiac muscle
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
56
automaticity
the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
57
oropharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth
58
nasopharynx
the area directly posterior to the nose
59
pharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose
60
epiglottis
a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
61
larynx
the voice box
62
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
63
trachea
the "windpipe"; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
64
bronchi
the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lints
65
alveoli
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the blood stream takes place
66
diaphragm
the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
67
inhalation
active process
68
exhalation
passive process
69
ventilation
the process of moving gases between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
70
respiration
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells
71
atria
the two upper chambers of the hear
72
right atrium
receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body
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left atrium
receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
74
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart
75
right ventricle
sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
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left ventricle
sends oxygenated rich blood to the body
77
venae cavae
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
| return blood from the body to the right atrium
78
valve
a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction
79
cardiac conduction system
a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
80
artery
any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
81
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)
82
aorta
the largest artery in the body; it transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation
83
pulmonary arteries
the vessels that cary deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
84
carotid arteries
the large neck arteries
one on each side
carry blood from the heart to the head
85
femoral artery
the major artery supplying the leg
86
brachial artery
artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR
87
radial artery
artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist
88
posterior pedis artery
artery suppling the foot, behind the medial ankle
89
dorsalis pedis artery
artery suppling the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
90
arteriole
the smallest kind of artery
91
capillary
a thin-walled microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body's cells takes place
92
venule
the smaller kind of vein
93
vein
any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
94
pulmonary veins
the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
95
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood
96
red blood cells (RBCs)
components of the blood; they carry oxygen to and CO2 away from the cells
97
white blood cells (WBCs)
components of the blood; they produce substances that help the body fight infection
98
platelets
membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
99
systolic bp
the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
100
diastolic bp
the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
101
perfusion
the supply of O2 and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body, as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
102
hypoperfusion
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients; a life-threatening condition called shock
103
central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord
- brain receives info from the body and then sends impulses to different areas of the body to respond to internal and external changes
- key function is consciousness
104
peripheral nervous system
-the nerves (sensory and motor) that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
105
autonomic nervous system
- the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions (i.e. digestion and heart rate)
- can be further broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
106
sensory nerves
- PNS
- pick up info from throughout the body and transmit this to the spinal cord and brain
- ex. if you touch something hot, your sensory nerves transmit this to the spinal cord and brain so immediate action may be taken
107
motor nerves
- PNS
| - carry messages from the brain to the body
108
sympathetic nervous system
- function often referred to as the "fight or flight"
- engaged when the body is in crisis
- stimulation of sympathetic tone causes the heart to beat faster, the lungs to breathe deeper, and the blood vessels to constrict
109
parasympathetic nervous system
- engaged in times of relaxation and is often referred to as the feed-or-breed response
- parasympathetic tone causes increased blood flow to the digestive tract and to the reproductive system
- can also cause the heart to slow down and the blood vessels to dilate
110
stomach
- a hollow organ that expands as it fills with food
| - acidic gastric juices begin to break food down into components that the body will be able to convert into energy
111
small intestine
- 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- receives food from the stomach and continues to break it down for absorption
- these nutrients are absorbed by the body through the wall of the small intestine
112
large intestine (colon)
- removes water from waste products as they move toward elimination from the body
- anything not absorbed moves forward and is excreted as feces
113
Liver
- produces bile which is excreted into the small intestine to assist in the breakdown of fats
- detoxifies harmful substances
- stores sugar
- assists in production of blood products
114
gallbladder
serves as a storage system for bile from the liver
115
pancreas
- produces insulin, which is involved in the regulation of sugar in the blood stream
- secretes juices that assist in breaking down proteins, carbs, and fat
116
spleen
- acts as a blood filtration system filtering out old blood cells
- has many blood vessels and at any given time holds significant quantities of blood reserves the body can use in case of significant blood loss
117
appendix
- made up of lymphatic tissue
- exact function not well understood, but it is often considered with the digestive system because an infected appendix is a common cause of abdominal pain
118
What purpose does the integumentary system serve?
- protection
- water balance
- temperature regulation
- excretion (sweat)
- shock (impact) absorption
119
How many layers does the skin have and what are they?
3
| epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
120
insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics
121
epinephrine
- secreted by the adrenal glands
- serves as a neurotransmitter that engages the sympathetic nervous system through a series of chemical receptors located in specific organ systems
- as a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
122
kidneys
- principal organs of the renal system
- help filter waste product urea from blood
- provide fluid balance by regulating the uptake of sodium and the excretion of urine
- assist the buffer system with the production of bicarbonate for the blood
123
bladder
the round saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
124
bicarbonate
an essential substance used to help regulate acidity or pH in the body
125
ureters
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
126
urethra
tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
127
testes
- produce sperm
| - housed outside the body in the scrotum
128
epididymis
a small tube that connects the testes and the penis
129
penis
external reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse and urination
130
ovaries
- located bilaterally in the lower quadrants of a female's abdomen
- serve to produce ova (eggs)for reproduction
131
fallopian tubes/oviducts
- connects the ovaries to the uterus
| - site where sperm fertilizes the descending ovum
132
uterus
- muscular organ located along the midline in the lower quadrants of the female abdomen
- designed to contain the developing fetus through 40 weeks of pregnancy
- small organ that has a huge potential to grow as pregnancy develops
- highly vascular and at times of pregnancy can be prone to serious bleeding
133
vagina
-not only serves as the exit route for the fetus but also as the female reproductive organ and site of sexual intercourse
