Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of body structure
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physiology
A
the study of body function
3
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple
4
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musculoskeletal system
A
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
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skeleton
A
the bones of the body
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muscle
A
tissue that can contact to allow movement of a body part
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ligaments
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tissue that connects bone to bone
8
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tendon
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tissue that connects muscle to bone
9
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Respiratory structure
A
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, brachial tubes, lungs
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respiratory function
A
obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
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cardiovascular structure
A
Heart, Arteries, Veins
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cardiovascular function
A
Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
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nervous structure
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves
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nervous function
A
Receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s response
15
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digestive structure
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oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
16
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digestive function
A
Ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body.
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Q
integumentary structure
A
skin, hair, nails, sweat gland
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integumentary function
A
Forms a protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation.
19
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endocrine structure
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the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
20
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endocrine function
A
regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
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renal structure
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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renal function
A
Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body.
23
Q
male reproductive structure
A
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
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male reproductive function
A
produce sperm for reproduction
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female reproductive structure
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, breasts
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female reproduction function
Produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby.
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bones of the skull
cranium, mandible, maxillae, nasal bones, orbits, zygomatic arches
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cranium
the top, back, and sides of the skull
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mandible
the lower jaw-bone
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maxillae
the two fused bones forming the upper jaw
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nasal bones
the nose bones
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orbits
the bony structure around the eye and the eye structure
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zygomatic arches
the bone that forms the structure of the cheeks
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vertebrae
the thirty-three bones of the spinal column; contain a hollow center for the spinal cord
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cervical vertebrae
neck; 7
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thoracic vertebrae
thorax, rubs, upper back; 12
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lumbar
lower back; 5
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sacral
the back wall of pelvis; 5
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coccyx
tailbone; 4
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thorax
chest
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sternum
breastbone
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manubrium
the superior portion of the sternum
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xiphoid process
the inferior portion of the sternum
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pelvis
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
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ilium
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis.
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ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
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pubis
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
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acetabulum
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint. (the socket of the hip joint)
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femur
the large bone of the thigh
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patella
the kneecap
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tibia
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
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fibula
the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
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malleolus
the protrusion on the side of the ankle
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tarsal
the ankle bone
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metatarsal
the foot bone
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calcaneus
the heel bone
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phalanges
the toe bones and finger bones
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bones of the shoulder
clavicle, scapular, proximal humerus, acromion process, acromioclavicular joint
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clavicle
the collarbone
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scapula
the shoulder blade
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acromion process
the highest portion of the shoulder
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Acromioclavicular joint
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
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humerus
the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow
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radius
the lateral bone of the forearm
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ulna
the medial bone of the forearm
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carpals
the wrist bone
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metacarpals
the hand bone
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voluntary muscles
the muscle that can be consciously controlled
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involuntary muscles
the muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled (gastrointestinal system, lungs, blood vessels, urinary system)
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Cardiac muscle
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart. can only tolerate very short periods; automaticity
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automaticity
the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.
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Respiratory system
the system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide. Also called the pulmonary system
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oropharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth
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nasopharynx
the area directly posterior to the nose
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epiglottis
a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea.
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larynx
the voice box
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cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
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trachea
"windpipe" the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
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lungs
the organs where the exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place
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bronchi
the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi
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alveoli
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.
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diaphragm
the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration.
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Pharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. It is made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.
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inhalation
an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs. (negative pressure)
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exhalation
a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs (positive pressure)
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ventilation
the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
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respiration
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells
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cardiovascular system
the system made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular)
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artery
the two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs)
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coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium).
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pulmonary artery
the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
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aorta
the largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation.
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carotid artery
the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.
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femoral artery
the major artery supplying the leg.
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brachial artery
artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR.
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radial artery
artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist.
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posterior tibial artery
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle.
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dorsalis pedis artery
artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.
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arteriole
the smallest kind of artery
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capillaries
a thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place.
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venule
the smallest kind of vein.
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vein
any blood vessel returning blood to the heart.
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pulmonary veins
the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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plasma
the fluid portion of the blood.
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red blood cells
components of the blood. They carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells.
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white blood cells
components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body fight infection.
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5 types of white blood cells
```
® Eosinophil
® Basophil
® Monocyte
® Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
```
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platelets
components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
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pulse
the rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
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peripheral pulses
the radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body
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central pulse
the carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body
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blood pressure
the pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured.
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systolic blood pressure
the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation.
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diastolic blood pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling.
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perfusion
the supply of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
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hypoperfusion
the inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also called shock.
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artia
two upper chambers of the heart
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ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart
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venae cavae
superior & inferior; These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium.
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valve
a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction.
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cardiac conduction system
a system of specialized muscle tissues that conduct electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat.
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lymphatic system
the system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that help to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contribute to the body’s immune system
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Nervous system
the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought
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central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
126
autonomic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions.
127
digestive system
system by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms
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stomach
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
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small intestine
the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls.
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large intestine
the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.
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liver
the largest organ of the body, which produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body
132
gallbladder
a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
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pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine.
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spleen
an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
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appendix
a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation, called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain.
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integumentary system
skin
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skin
the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment.
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Function of skin
protection, water balance, temperature regulation, excretion, shock absorption
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3 layers of skin
epidermis, deris, subcutaneous
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epidermis
the outer layer of skin.Contains no blood vessels or nerves
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dermis
the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis
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subcutaneous layer
the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
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renal system
the body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system
144
kidney
organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body
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bladder
the round saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
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ureters
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
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urethra
tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
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reproductive system
the body system that is responsible for human reproduction
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testes
the male organ of reproduction used for the production of sperm
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penis
the organ of the male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm
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ovaries
egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system.
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uterus
female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
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vagina
the female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus
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The difference in respiratory anatomy of children
○ Smaller nose and mouth
○ More space is taken up by the tongue
○ Cricoid cartilage is less rigid and less developed
○ Airway structures are more easily obstructed
