Chapter 6 - Bone

Question 1

What is the center of an osteon that contains the blood vessels called?

Answer 1

Central Canal

Question 2

What is the branching canals pervading the matrix for diffusion of materials between blood and osteocytes called?

Answer 2

Canaliculi

Question 3

What are bone cells and where do they reside?

Answer 3

Osteocytes ; Lacunae

Question 4

What are typically organized around blood vessels, separated by layers of matrix, and oriented along the main axis of the bone?

Answer 4

osteon

Question 5

What is the outter sheath containing fibrous and cellular layers?

Answer 5

Periosteum

Question 6

In the periosteum, the fibrous (outer) layer does what?

Answer 6

It attaches bone to adjacent tissues, tendons and ligaments

Question 7

In the periosteum, the cellular (inner) layer is important for what reasons?

Answer 7

It’s important for appositional growth of the bone and its repair after injury

Question 8

What is bone?

Answer 8

A strong, somewhat flexible tissue. It undergoes extensive remodeling throughout life

Question 9

What is the bone matrix comprised of?

Answer 9

Little ground substance, 2/3 calcium salts, calcium phosphate (predominantly), calcium carbonate (secondarily), and collagen fibers

Question 10

How many bones are in the adult human body?

Answer 10

206 bones

Question 11

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 11

Support, mineral/lipid storage, blood cell production, protection, and leverage

Question 12

What skeleton function is the structure for the entire body and attachment points for soft tissues and organs?

Answer 12

Support

Question 13

What is the purpose of mineral/lipid storage for skeletal function?

Answer 13

It maintains blood calcium (most abundant mineral in the body) and phosphate levels

Question 14

As far as skeletal functions, what does bone produce and where?

Answer 14

Red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets are produced in red bone marrow

Question 15

How does the bone protect regarding skeletal functions?

Answer 15

It surrounds delicate tissues/organs

Question 16

Bone/joints act as _______ to change the magnitude direction of force?

Answer 16

levers

Question 17

Thin, roughly parallel surfaces that protect underlying soft tissues.

Answer 17

Flat bones

Question 18

Irregular bones formed between cranial bones. (hint= wormian bones)

Answer 18

Sutural bones

Question 19

Bones that are mostly found in the limbs.

Answer 19

long bones

Question 20

Bones with complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces.

Answer 20

Irregular bones

Question 21

Bones that are small, flat and that develop inside tendons of knees, hands and feet. (Hint= shaped like sesame seeds)

Answer 21

Sesamoid bones

Question 22

Small and boxy bone. (wrist, and ankles)

Answer 22

Short bones

Question 23

The proximal end of a bone that forms part of a joint.

Answer 23

Head of the bone

Question 24

The narrow connection between the head and the diaphysis.

Answer 24

Neck of the bone

Question 25

The elongated body of a bone.

Answer 25

Diaphysis (shaft)

Question 26

What are the 6 classifications of bone based on shape?

Answer 26

flat bones, sutural bones, long bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, and short bones

Question 27

This part of long bone consists largely of spongy bone?

Answer 27

Epiphysis

Question 28

Connects epiphysis to shaft (diaphysis)

Answer 28

Metaphysis

Question 29

Involved in red blood cell production

Answer 29

Red marrow

Question 30

What type of marrow is adipose tissue?

Answer 30

Yellow marrow

Question 31

What are the 7 steps in endochondral ossification?

Answer 31

1. Cartilage model enlarges 2. Blood vessels grow around edge of the cartilage model 3. Blood vessels penetrate cartilage and enter central region 4. Growth continues along with remodeling 5. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the epiphyses 6. Epiphyses fill with spongy bone 7. Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal cartilage

Question 32

What are the 4 cell types of bone tissue?

Answer 32

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts

Question 33

The overall function of osteoclasts is to ________?

Answer 33

Break down bone matrix

Question 34

The function of osteoblasts is to ________?

Answer 34

To produce new boney matrix

Question 35

What is the process of creating new bone?

Answer 35

starts with the release of proteins that produce un-mineralized matrix (osteoid) then calcium salts convert osteoid to bone.

Question 36

Where are mesenchymal cells important?

Answer 36

In fracture repair

Question 37

What is the function of the osteoclasts and what is the process called by which they perform that job?

Answer 37

To dissolve boney matrix in a process called osteolysis.

Question 38

The functional unit of compact bone is ____?

Answer 38

Osteon

Question 39

What does appositional bone growth do?

Answer 39

It increases the diameter of pre-existing bone ; does not form original bones

Question 40

The incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity and action during bone growth repair and remodeling

Answer 40

Endosteum

Question 41

The importance of calcium in the body (physiologically speaking)

Answer 41

Muscle contractions, blood coagulation, nerve impulse generation.

Question 42

How does the body maintain calcium levels

Answer 42

Absorbs calcium and phosphate in the intestines, osteoclasts release calcium, osteoblasts use calcium. and calcium is released in urine.