Chapter 6: Bone Tissue Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
how many important functions does the skeletal system have?
A
six
2
Q
the skeletal system has six important functions:
1. Provides ________ by acting as a structural framework a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments.
2. _________ the internal organs (brain, chest, etc.).
3. Assist body ____________ (in conjunction with muscles).
4. Store and release salts of ________ and ______________.
5. Participate in _______ ____ ____________ (hematopoiesis)
6. Store ___________ in adipose cells of yellow marrow.
A
support, protect, movements, calcium, phosphorus, blood cell production, triglycerides
3
Q
T/F: bone is a dynamic tissue – it is always remodeling (building up and breaking down).
A
true
4
Q
a highly vascularized connective tissue with a hard mineralized extracellular matrix
A
bone
5
Q
how many arrangements is bone found in in the body?
A
two
6
Q
what two arrangements is bone found in in the body?
A
compact and spongy
7
Q
T/F: the skeletal system is made up of one type of tissue.
A
false
8
Q
also known as osseus tissue
A
bone
9
Q
name the two major tissues of the skeletal system.
A
bone and cartilage
10
Q
the skeletal system is associated with ___________, ________, and _______.
A
ligaments, tendons, joints
11
Q
which is stronger: compact or spongy bone?
A
compact bone
12
Q
bone that is good at providing protection and support
A
compact bone
13
Q
compact bone forms the ____________ of long bones.
A
diaphysis
14
Q
compact bone forms the _________ ______ of all bones.
A
external layer
15
Q
bone that is lightweight and provides tissue support
A
spongy bone
16
Q
give two other terms for spongy bone.
A
trabecular or cancellous bone
17
Q
spongy bone forms much of the __________ and the __________ _______ of long bones.
A
epiphysis, medullary cavity
18
Q
poorly vascularized, connective tissue with a matrix, composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers
A
cartilage
19
Q
how many types of cartilage are there?
A
three
20
Q
cartilage consisting of a gel-like ground substance and appears bluish white in the body, is found in the embryonic skeleton, at the end of bones, and in the nose and in respiratory structures; it is flexible, allows movement, provides support, and is usually surrounded by a perichondrium
A
hyaline cartilage
21
Q
cartilage that is found in the pubic symphysis, invertebral discs, and menisci (cartilage pads) of the knee joint; it contains chondrocytes scattered among clearly visible bundles of collagen fibers
A
fibrous cartilage
22
Q
cartilage that maintains the shape of organs such as the epiglottis of the larynx, auditory tubes, and external ear; its chondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers, and it has a perichondrium
A
elastic cartilage
23
Q
how many types of cells does bone contain?
A
four
24
Q
what are the four types of bone cells?
A
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoplast, osteocytes, osteoclasts
25
bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells
osteoprogenitor cells
26
bone building cells that synthesize and secrete, collagen, fibers and other organic components
osteoblasts
27
mature osteoblasts (maintenance)
osteocytes
28
bone cells that remodel bones and cause them to release calcium through a process called bone resorption
osteoclasts
29
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
bone resorption
30
besides bone and cartilage, the skeletal system contains other important tissues. name four of them.
epithelium (endothelium (form capillary walls)) nerves (periosteum, especially tender), red marrow (hematopoiesis), yellow marrow (fat storage)
31
what percentage of bone is made of water?
25%
32
what percentage of bone is made of organic proteins?
25%
33
what percentage of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite crystals) is bone made of?
50%
34
what is the organic constituent of bone?
collagen fibers
35
in bone, collagen, fibers provide _________ and _______ _________.
flexibility, tensile strength
36
name the inorganic constituents of bone.
calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate (both hydroxyapatite crystals), magnesium, fluoride, sulfate
37
name the nine parts of a long bone.
diaphysis, epiphyses (2), metaphyses (2), articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
38
bone shaft
diaphysis
39
both ends of the bone at the joints
epiphyses
40
region between diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphyses
41
cartilage covering both epiphyses
articular cartilage
42
connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis
periosteum
43
hollow space within diaphysis
medullary cavity
44
thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
endosteum
45
a space within the diaphysis of the long bones that contains fatty yellow, bone marrow in adults
medullary cavity
46
a membrane that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
47
the endosteum is composed of ______, ___________ connective tissue and contains ____________ and ____________.
dense, irregular, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
48
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of bones
articular cartilage
49
found where the bone forms in articular (joint) surface – where one bone moves against another bone
articular cartilage
50
a dense a regular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
51
cells that form cartilage
chondrocytes
52
T/F: many of the major bones are formed from cartilage (the remainder do not go through a cartilaginous stage).
true
53
tough sheath of dense, irregular, connective tissue on the outside of the bone
periosteum
54
the periosteum contains one of the four types of bone cells….which one does it contain?
osteoblasts
55
the periosteum contains one of the four types of bone cells….which one does it contain?
osteoblasts
56
bone cells that help the bone grow in thickness (oppositional growth), but not in length
osteoblasts
57
the periosteum also assists with _________ _______ and serves as an attachment point for ________ and ____________.
fracture repair, tendons, ligaments
58
layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of 4 zones
epiphyseal growth plate
59
in adolescents, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bones contains hyaline cartilage and forms an ___________ ______ ______.
epiphyseal growth plate
60
the growth plate is always actively dividing and causing the bone to ________ from each end.
elongate
61
T/F: in adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present, and elongation of bones has stopped
true
62
the calcified bone that replaces the cartilage/epiphyseal growth plate in adults
epiphyseal line
63
the epiphyseal line is visible __________ and on __-____.
externally, x-rays
64
T/F: compact bone contains calls osteons.
true
65
T/F: compact bone contains units called osteons.
true
66
the basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central canal with its concentrically arranged bone lamellae, bone lacunae, osteocytes, and bone canaliculi; also called a haversian system
osteons
67
circular plates of mineralized/calcified extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the osteonic canal
concentric bone lamellae
68
fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth
interstitial bone lamellae
69
the circumferential bone lamellae that line the medullary cavity
inner circumferential lamellae
70
the circumferential bone lamellae directly deep to the periosteum
outer circumferential lamellae
71
small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes
lacunae
72
small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae
canaliculi
73
blood and lymphatic vessels are found in the _______ ________ ______.
osteon’s central canal
74
a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone
volkmann's canals
75
do spongy bones have osteons?
no
76
irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue; fibrous cord of connective tissue serving as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule
trabeculae
77
trabeculae of spongy bone support and protect the ____ _____ _______ and are oriented along lines of stress (helps bones resist stresses without breaking)
red bone marrow
78
T/F: hematopoiesis (blood cell production)occurs in spongy bone
true
79
within each trabecula of spongy bone are _________.
lacunae
80
as in compact bone, _______ contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the trabeculae.
lacunae
81
the interior of long bones is made up primarily of
_______ bone.
spongy
82
the use of spongy bone lessens overall bone _______.
weight
83
periosteal veins are accompanied by __________ _____.
periosteal arteries
84
the use of spongy bone lessens overall bone weight
periosteal arteries
85
periosteal arteries (accompanied by nerves) enter the diaphysis through __________ ______.
Volkmann’s canals
86
enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient
foramen
nutrient artery
87
hole in which the nutrient artery enters and they nutrient vein exits
nutrient foramen
88
the __________ and _________ also have their own arteries and veins.
metaphyses, epiphyses
89
accompany the blood vessels (this is often the case) in bone
nerves
90
the periosteum is rich in ________ ______, and is therefore, sensitive to tearing or tension
sensory nerves
91
the process of forming new bone
ossification or osteogenesis
92
bone formation occurs in four situations:
* Formation of bone in an ________
* Growth of bones until ___________
* Remodeling of ______
* Repair of __________
embryo, adulthood, remodeling, fractures
93
how many different methods can ossification occur through? name them.
two. intra-membranous and endochondral
94
ossification begins around the ___ ______ ___ _________ __________
6th week of embryonic development
95
ossification that produces spongy bone that may subsequently be remodeled to form compact bone
intra-membranous ossification
96
ossification whereby cartilage is replaced by bone; forms both compact and spongy bone
endochondral ossification
97
which method of ossification is simpler?
intra-membranous ossification
98
method of ossification that is used in forming all bones of the skill and the clavicle
intra-membranous ossification
99
with intra-membranous ossification, bone forms from ___________ _____ that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stag
mesenchymal cells
100
T/F: intra-membranous ossification has many ossification centers.
false
101
the method of ossification that is used in the formation of most bones, especially long bones
endochondral ossification
102
endochondral ossification involves the replacement of _______.
cartilage
103
how many primary centers of growth come with endochondral ossification? how many primary centers of growth come with endochondral ossification?
one primary and two secondary
104
growth from within, as in the growth of cartilage; also called endogenous growth.
interstitial growth
105
how many major events does growth in length of long bones involve?
two
106
the growth in length of long bones involves two major events:
1. growth of ________ ___ ____ ___________ ______
2. replacement of cartilage by _____ ______ in the epiphyseal plate
cartilage on the epiphyseal plate, bone tissue
107
name the four zones of the epiphyseal growth plate.
resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage
108
zone where the cells do not function in bone growth, they anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of long bone.
zone of resting cartilage
109
zone where slightly larger chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coin
zone of proliferating cartilage
110
with the zone of proliferating cartilage, the chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth as they ______ and _______ ____________ ______.
divide, secrete extracellular matrix
111
zone that consists of large maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
112
zone responsible for the transition from cartilage to bone
zone of calcified cartilage
113
in the zone of calcified cartilage, lysis of _____________ & ____________ begin in order to lay down matrix.
chondrocytes, osteoblasts
114
this zone becomes ‘new diaphysis’ that is firmly attached to the rest of the diaphysis.
zone of calcified cartilage
115
____________ dissolve the calcified cartilage, and ____________ invade the area, laying down bone matrix
osteoclasts osteoblasts
116
the activity of the epiphyseal plate is the way bone can increase in length.
epiphyseal plate
117
results in adults when the epiphyseal plates close and bone replaces all the cartilage
epiphyseal line
118
bones grow in thickness at the outer surface by ____________ ______.
appositional growth
119
T/F: bone forms before birth and continually renews itself.
true
120
name the two methods by which the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue can occur.
bone deposition and bone resorption
121
the addition of minerals & collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
bone deposition
122
removal of minerals & collagen fibers from bone
by osteoclasts
bone resorption
123
T/F: old bone is never destroyed, therefore there's no need for new bone to form throughout an individual’s life
false
124
as osteoblasts deposit _____ on the outer surface,
osteoclasts widen the __________ ______ from within (bone formation)
bone, medullary cavity
125
what age is ossification contributing to bone length usually complete by?
18-21 years
126
T/F: bones can still continue to thicken and are capable of repair even after the epiphyseal growth plates have closed.
true
127
a balance must exist between the actions of __________ and ___________.
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
128
if too much new tissue is formed, the bones become abnormally _____ and _______.
thick, heavy
129
if too much new tissue is formed, a person can develop one of two conditions...name them.
acromegaly and gigantism
130
occurs after closing of the epiphyseal plate
acromegaly
131
occurs before the closing of the plate
gigantism
132
excessive calcium loss weakens the bones, as occurs in ___________ (especially women in menopause).
osteoporosis
133
a vitamin d deficiency may cause bones to become too “soft”, as seen in the bone diseases, _______ and ____________
rickets, osteomalacia
134
name the three factors affecting bone growth.
minerals, vitamins, hormones
135
bone contains large amounts of _________ and _____________. additionally, smaller amounts of ____________, ________, and ____________ are required for bone growth and remodeling
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese
136
vitamin that stimulates activity of osteoblasts
A
137
vitamin that is needed for synthesis of collagen
C
138
vitamin that is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood
D
139
active form of vitamin D
calcitriol
140
vitamins needed for the synthesis of bone proteins
K and B12
141
hormones are key contributors to normal bone ____________.
metabolism
142
name the two hormones most important to bone growth during childhood.
human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor
143
hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factors.
human growth hormone
144
hormone secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone
insulin-like growth factor
145
secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts
thyroid hormones
146
secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins
insulin
147
name the two sex hormones responsible for affecting bone growth.
estorgen and testosterone
148
sex hormone secreted by the ovaries in women
estrogen
149
sex hormone secreted by the testes in men
testosterone
150
sex hormones stimulate the osteoblasts and promote the sudden “_______ _____” that occurs during the teenage years
growth spurt
151
sex hormones shut down growth at the ___________ _______ around age 18–21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end
epiphyseal plates
152
sex hormones contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone __________ by osteoclasts and promoting bone __________ by osteoblasts.
resorption, deposition
153
hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium ions from urine, and promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
154
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
155
PTH stimulates osteoclastic activity and raises serum _______ levels.
calcium
156
T/F: calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin), and to a lesser extent hGH and the sex hormones, stimulate osteoblastic activity and lower serum calcium level
true
157
Vitamin D is needed for the absorption of the ____ and _____ ions from the small intestine, and reabsorption of those same ions in the kidneys
Ca2+, PO4–
158
bones store ____ of the body’s calcium.
99%
159
the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid
hormone (PTH) when _______ levels drop.
calcium
160
___________ are stimulated to increase bone
resorption and calcium is released. PTH also stimulates the production of ________ by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines.
osteoclasts, calcitriol
161
when broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
open (compound) fracture
162
when broken ends of a bone do not break the skin
closed (simple) fracture
163
the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments
comminuted fracture
164
partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends, similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
greenstick fracture
165
fracture that is all the way through the bone
complete fracture
166
fracture where one part is shoved up into the another
impacted fracture
167
type of broken bone that twists around your bone and looks like a corkscrew
spiral fracture
168
type of broken bone that runs horizontally perpendicular to your bone
transverse fracture
169
when the pieces of bone move so much that a gap forms around the fracture when your bone breaks
displaced fracture
170
means the pieces of your bone moved so much that a gap formed around the fracture when your bone broke
Pott fracture
171
fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.
Colles fracture
172
the vertebral body of one or more vertebrae fractures and becomes compressed into a wedge-shape. May be caused by injury, trauma, or more commonly in individuals with osteoporosis.
vertebral compression fracture
173
a break in a bone
fracture
174
the healing process of a fracture involves __ different phases in __ steps.
3, 4
175
name the three phases of fracture repair.
reactive, reparative, bone remodeling
176
name the four steps of fracture repair.
fracture hematoma forms (reactive), fibrous cartilage forms (reparative), bony callus forms (reparative), bone remodeling
177
an early inflammatory phase of fracture repair
reactive phase
178
phase that includes the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second
reparative phase
179
the last phase of fracture repair
bone remodeling phase
180
under mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through deposition of ________ ____ and production of ________ _____ by osteoblasts. unstressed bones, on the other hand, become weaker
mineral salts, collagen fibers
181
astronauts in space suffer rapid loss of bone densit
bone density
182
the main mechanical stresses on bone are those that result from the pull of ________ _______ and the pull of _______ (weight-bearing activities)
skeletal muscles, gravity
183
from birth through __________, more bone is produced than is lost during remodeling. in adults, the rates are the same.
adolescence
184
older individuals, especially post-menopausal women, experience a decrease in _____ ____ when resorption outpaces deposition.
bone mass
185
a decrease in bone mass occurs as the level of ____ _________ diminishes during middle age (especially in women after menopause). bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts.
since female bones are generally smaller and less massive than males to begin with, old age has a greater adverse effect in females.
sex hormones
186
what are the two principal effects of aging on bone tissue?
loss of bone mass and brittleness
187
the loss of calcium from bones is one of the symptoms in ____________.
osteoporosis
188
collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and ________ _________ decreases with age. the loss of tensile strength causes the bones to become very brittle and susceptible to fracture.
protein synthesis
189
a condition where bone resorption outpaces formation and 80% of those affected are women
osteoporosis
190
name the two conditions that can occur due to inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix
rickets and osteomalacia
191
condition that affects children and leads to bowed legs and deformations in skull, rib cage, or pelvis
rickets
192
condition that affects adults and causes painful/tender bones and fractures with minor trauma
osteomalacia
193
degeneration of articular cartilage, leads to friction of bone against bone
osteoarthritis
194
infection of bone often caused by Staphylococcus aureus
osteomyelitis
195
condition where the reduced bone mass below normal
osteopenia
196
bone cancer that primarily affects osteoblast
osteosarcoma
